{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:12:46Z","timestamp":1775481166638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771453, 41830648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771453, 41830648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nighttime light data play an important role in the research on cities, while the urban centers over a large spatial scale are still far from clearly understood. Aiming at the current challenges in monitoring the spatial structure of cities using nighttime light data, this paper proposes a new method for identifying urban centers for massive cities at the large spatial scale based on the brightness information captured by the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership\u2019s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) sensor. Based on the method for extracting the peak point based on digital elevation model (DEM) data in terrain analysis, the maximum neighborhood and difference algorithms were applied to the NPP-VIIRS data to extract the pixels with the peak nighttime light intensity to identify the potential locations of urban centers. The results show 7239 urban centers in 2200 cities in China in 2017, with an average of 3.3 urban centers per city. Approximately 68% of the cities had significant polycentric structures. The developed method in this paper is useful for identifying the urban centers and can provide the reference to the city planning and construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T09:12:58Z","timestamp":1602061978000},"page":"3248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Identification of Polycentric Cities in China Based on NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3783-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"State Cultivation Base of Eco-Agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2910-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK"}]},{"given":"Kaifang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen State High-Tech Industrial Innovation Center, Shenzhen 518057, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Xu, X., Zhou, Y., and Ning, Y. (2009). Urban Geography, Higher Education Press. [2nd ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.01.018","article-title":"Urban ecology and sustainability: The state-of-the-science and future directions","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.07.009","article-title":"Environmental effects of land-use\/cover change caused by urbanization and policies in Southwest China Karst area \u2013 A case study of Guiyang","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/509158a","article-title":"Realizing China\u2019s urban dream","volume":"509","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2015.1004535","article-title":"Measuring polycentric urban development in China: An intercity transportation network perspective","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-3975(02)00071-1","article-title":"Reinterpretation of China\u2019s under-urbanization: A systemic perspective","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., and Liu, J. (2006). Human Geography, Higher Education Press. [2nd ed.]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176064","article-title":"Clean air for megacities","volume":"326","author":"Parrish","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4959.2007.232_3.x","article-title":"Urbanization and global environmental change: Local effects of urban warming","volume":"173","author":"Grimmond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109","article-title":"Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.01.026","article-title":"Urban construction and demolition waste and landfill failure in Shenzhen, China","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.351.6274.674-a","article-title":"The crushing weight of urban waste","volume":"351","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.307","article-title":"Sustainable development in China: Trends, patterns, and determinants of the \u201cFive Modernizations\u201d in Chinese cities","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"233","article-title":"Strategies for sustainable urban development: Towards green(er) Chinese cities?","volume":"36","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610172104","article-title":"Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities","volume":"104","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980120035259","article-title":"The polycentric urban region: Towards a research agenda","volume":"38","author":"Kloosterman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1190(03)00026-3","article-title":"The number of subcenters in large urban areas","volume":"53","author":"McMillen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/00343400903039673","article-title":"Looking backward, looking forward: The city region of the mid-21st century","volume":"43","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"788","article-title":"Identification of polycentric urban structure of central Chongqing using points of interest big data","volume":"33","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"47","article-title":"An Research on the polycentric structure of Changchun city based on spatial principal component of producer service analysis","volume":"33","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Settl. West China"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"15","article-title":"Recognition and analysis of the status quo of public centers in Guangzhou based on big data","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intell. City"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou, G., Chen, Q., He, K., Zhou, Y., and Shi, Z. (2019). Using nighttime light data and POI big data to detect the urban centers of Hangzhou. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151821"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-016-0814-1","article-title":"Evolution process of urban spatial pattern in Hubei province based on DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7708","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6087708","article-title":"Characterizing spatio-temporal dynamics of urbanization in China using time series of DMSP\/OLS night light data","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Factors contributing to haze and fog in China","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9853","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109853","article-title":"Evaluating saturation correction methods for DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data: A case study from China\u2019s cities","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2178031","article-title":"A Saturated light correction method for DMSP\/OLS nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"50","author":"Letu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.039","article-title":"Using multi-source geospatial big data to identify the structure of polycentric cities","volume":"202","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"840","article-title":"Identification of urban agglomeration boundary based on POI and NPP\/VIIRS night light data","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Study on urban spatiotemporal expansion pattern of three first-class urban agglomerations in China derived from integrated DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data","volume":"22","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"160","article-title":"Urban centers extraction and analysis using night time light date: A case study of main urban areas of Chongqing","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Resour. Compr. Util."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"94","article-title":"Expansion research on the build-up area in Nanjing city based on DMSP\/OLS data","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geos. Inf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, Y., Liu, Z., He, C., and Yue, H. (2017). Urban land extraction using viirs nighttime light data: An evaluation of three popular methods. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020175"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2013.786827","article-title":"Polycentric structures in Latin American metropolitan areas: Identifying employment sub-centres","volume":"48","author":"Romein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203207","article-title":"Mapping and evaluating the urbanization process in northeast China using DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data","volume":"14","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2725917","article-title":"A new approach for detecting urban centers and their spatial structure with nighttime light remote sensing","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"155","article-title":"The spatial differentiation and influencing factors of urban centers in China based on VIIRS night light","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.012","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of China\u2019s cropland during 1990-2000: An analysis based on Landsat TM data","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.01.007","article-title":"Urban land expansion under economic transition in China: A multilevel modeling analysis","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, S., Weiss, S., and Liang, C. (2013, January 26\u201329). VIIRS day\/night band (DNB) stray light characterization and correction. Proceedings of the Earth Obser, Systems XVIII, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2023107"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baugh, K., Hsu, F.-C., Elvidge, C.D., and Zhizhin, M. (2013). Nighttime lights compositing using the VIIRS day-night band: Preliminary results. Proc. Aisa-Pac. Adv. Net., 70\u201386.","DOI":"10.7125\/APAN.35.8"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"575","article-title":"Comparative analysis on three land cover datasets based on IGBP classification system over Hanjiang river basin","volume":"32","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density Adjusted to Match 2015 Revision UN WPP Country Totals, Revision 10 (2020, August 04). Center for International Earth Science Information Network - Ciesin - Columbia University: 2017. Available online: https:\/\/sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\/data\/collection\/gpw-v4\/documentation."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62004-0","article-title":"Determining Global Population Distribution: Methods, Applications and Data","volume":"62","author":"Balk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Parasit."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China (2013). China City Statistical Yearbook: 2013, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2020, August 04). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook: 2013, Available online: http:\/\/www.mohurd.gov.cn\/xytj\/tjzljsxytjgb\/jstjnj\/w02016020220935112116700109.rar."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2020, August 04). China County Seat Construction Statistical Yearbook: 2013, Available online: http:\/\/www.mohurd.gov.cn\/xytj\/tjzljsxytjgb\/jstjnj\/w02016020220935112402324535.rar."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Ma, M., Yang, H., and Ge, W. (2017). Modeling the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Gross Domestic Product in China Using Extended Temporal Coverage Nighttime Light Data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060626"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-87-2-191","article-title":"The NPOESS VIIRS day\/night visible sensor","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5063057","article-title":"Potential of NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Imagery for Modeling the Regional Economy of China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.032","article-title":"Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5934","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1331476","article-title":"Intercalibration between DMSP\/OLS and VIIRS night-time light images to evaluate city light dynamics of Syria\u2019s major human settlement during Syrian Civil War","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1059968","article-title":"Detecting 2014 Northern Iraq Insurgency using night-time light imagery","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-006-2006-3","article-title":"Restoring urbanization process in China in the 1990s by using non-radiance calibrated DMSP\/OLS nighttime light imagery and statistical data","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.02.013","article-title":"Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to 2008","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"433","article-title":"Scale issues in digital terrain analysis and terrain modeling","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Digital Terrain Analysis: Theory, Method and Application","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Geog. Sin."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Li, X., Chen, C., and Liu, J. (2008). Analysis of the relief amplitude in Xinjiang. J. Lanzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 10\u201313."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"101","article-title":"Extraction of relief amplitude based on change point method: A case study on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.03.007","article-title":"How polycentric is urban China and why? A case study of 318 cities","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.01.007","article-title":"How did urban polycentricity and dispersion affect economic productivity? A case study of 306 Chinese cities","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"23","article-title":"Research on polycentricity: Concept, connotation, and spatial features","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"City Plann. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Zheng, J., and Chen, Q. (2019). Monocentricity or Polycentricity: On Urban Internal Spatial Structure of Chinese Cities. China Econ. Stud., 93\u2013105."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"63","article-title":"Analysis of new urbanization\u2019s spatial pattern evolution and influence factors in China","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"627","article-title":"Estimate and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Electricity Consumption in China Based on DMSP\/OLS Images","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Cao, X. (2008). Research on Countermeasures to Develop Night Tourism in Cities of China. Inq. Econ. Issues, 125\u2013128."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.021","article-title":"Spatial scaling of stable night lights","volume":"115","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.02.002","article-title":"Spatial analysis of global urban extent from DMSP-OLS night lights","volume":"96","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"169","article-title":"Methods for deriving urban built-up area using night-light data: Assessment and application","volume":"26","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"591","article-title":"An overview on data mining of nighttime light remote sensing","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cart. Sin."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7712","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900153116","article-title":"Night-sky radiometry can revolutionize the characterization of light-pollution sources globally","volume":"116","author":"Kocifaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, N., Kyba, C.C.M., Zhang, Q., De Miguel, A.S., Roman, M.O., Li, X., Portnov, B.A., Molthan, A.L., Jechow, A., and Miller, S.D. (2020). Remote sensing of night lights: A review and an outlook for the future. Remote Sens. Environ., 237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111443"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/509535a","article-title":"China must continue the momentum of green law","volume":"509","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.12.012","article-title":"Convergence of carbon intensity in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/493163d","article-title":"China\u2019s new leaders offer green hope","volume":"493","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1126\/science.344.6185.691-b","article-title":"China\u2019s Soil Pollution: Urban Brownfields","volume":"344","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:17:01Z","timestamp":1760177821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12193248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12193248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]}}}