{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:19:25Z","timestamp":1760239165359,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA US Participating Investigator Program","award":["NNX17AL69G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX17AL69G"]}]},{"name":"NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology (FINESST) Program","award":["80NSSC19K1326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K1326"]}]},{"name":"RSMAS Mary Roche endowed Fellowship"},{"name":"EUMETSAT Copernicus Scholarships"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Sentinel-3 series satellites belong to the European Earth Observation satellite missions for supporting oceanography, land, and atmospheric studies. The Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) onboard the Sentinel-3 satellites was designed to provide a significant improvement in remote sensing of skin sea surface temperature (SSTskin). The successful application of SLSTR-derived SSTskin fields depends on their accuracies. Based on sensor-dependent radiative transfer model simulations, geostationary Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-16) Advanced Baseline Imagers (ABI) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG-4) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) brightness temperatures (BT) have been transformed to SLSTR equivalents to permit comparisons at the pixel level in three ocean regions. The results show the averaged BT differences are on the order of 0.1 K and the existence of small biases between them are likely due to the uncertainties in cloud masking, satellite view angle, solar azimuth angle, and reflected solar light. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining SSTskin retrievals from SLSTR with those of ABI and SEVIRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"3279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of SLSTR Thermal Emissive Bands Clear-Sky Measurements with Those of Geostationary Imagers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2115-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingkun","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Minnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.016","article-title":"Review and assessment of latent and sensible heat flux accuracy over the global oceans","volume":"201","author":"Bentamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111366","article-title":"Half a century of satellite remote sensing of sea-surface temperature","volume":"233","author":"Minnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111826","article-title":"Validation of Sentinel-3A SLSTR derived Sea-Surface Skin Temperatures with those of the shipborne M-AERI","volume":"244","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.024","article-title":"The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Sentinel-3 mission","volume":"120","author":"Donlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2010.503010","article-title":"SLSTR: A high accuracy dual scan temperature radiometer for sea and land surface monitoring from space","volume":"57","author":"Coppo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22575","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC01758","article-title":"Sea-surface temperature measurements by the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) on ESA\u2019s ERS-1 Satellite\u2014Early results","volume":"99","author":"Mutlow","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.002","article-title":"The Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and its predecessors ATSR-1 and ATSR-2: An introduction to the special issue","volume":"116","author":"Remedios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084980","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.084980","article-title":"Calibration approach and plan for the sea and land surface temperature radiometer","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, D., Barillot, M., Bianchi, S., Brandani, F., Coppo, P., Etxaluze, M., Frerick, J., Kirschstein, S., Lee, A., and Maddison, B. (2020). Sentinel-3A\/B SLSTR pre-launch calibration of the thermal infrared channels. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162510"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-8-1079","article-title":"Introducing the Next-Generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R","volume":"86","author":"Schmit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"15","article-title":"MSG\u2019s SEVIRI instrument","volume":"11","author":"Aminou","year":"2002","journal-title":"ESA Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2016-009","article-title":"An introduction to Himawari-8\/9\u2014Japan\u2019s new-generation geostationary meteorological satellites","volume":"94","author":"Bessho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minnett, P.J., Evans, R.H., Podest\u00e1, G.P., and Kilpatrick, K.A. (2014, January 23). Sea-surface temperature from Suomi-NPP VIIRS: Algorithm development and uncertainty estimation. Proceedings of the SPIE 9111, Ocean Sensing and Monitoring VI, 91110C, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2053184"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, F., and Wu, X. (2016). Radiometric inter-calibration between Himawari-8 AHI and S-NPP VIIRS for the solar reflective bands. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030165"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Ignatov, A., Kramar, M., and Yu, F. (2016). Preliminary Inter-Comparison between AHI, VIIRS and MODIS Clear-Sky Ocean Radiances for Accurate SST Retrievals. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030203"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/36.20292","article-title":"MODIS: Advanced facility instrument for studies of the earth as a system","volume":"27","author":"Salomonson","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, A., and Xiong, X. (2016). Inter-Comparison of S-NPP VIIRS and Aqua MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands Using Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder Measurements as a Transfer Reference. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010072"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH2073.1","article-title":"Assessing NOAA-16 HIRS radiance accuracy using simultaneous nadir overpass observations from AIRS","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Tremblay, D., Zhang, B., and Han, Y. (2016). Fast and accurate collocation of the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite measurements with cross-track infrared sounder. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010076"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2502904","article-title":"A web-based tool for calculating spectral band difference adjustment factors derived from SCIAMACHY hyperspectral data","volume":"54","author":"Scarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"384","article-title":"Intercomparison of the 11-and 12-um bands of Terra and Aqua MODIS using NOAA-17 AVHRR","volume":"Volume 5151","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Observing Systems VIII, Proceedings of the Optical Science and Technology, SPIE\u2019s 48th Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, 3\u20138 August 2003"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Merchant, C. (2020, August 01). SENTINEL-3 Sea Surface Temperature (SLSTR) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Available online: https:\/\/www.eumetsat.int\/website\/wcm\/idc\/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PDF_S3_L2_ATBD_SLSTR_SST&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&Rendition=Web."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ignatov, A. (2020, August 01). GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document for Sea Surface Temperature, Available online: https:\/\/www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov\/goesr\/documents\/ATBDs\/Baseline\/ATBD_GOES-R_SST-v2.0_Aug2010.pdf:NOAA\/NESDIS\/STAR."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.012","article-title":"Sea surface temperature from a geostationary satellite by optimal estimation","volume":"113","author":"Merchant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500165674","article-title":"Estimation of sea surface temperature from SEVIRI data: Algorithm testing and comparison with AVHRR products","volume":"27","author":"Romaguera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Heidinger, A. (2020, August 01). ABI cloud mask NOAA NESDIS STAR Algorithm Theoretical Basis Doc 2011, Available online: https:\/\/www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov\/goesr\/docs\/ATBD\/Cloud_Mask.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27999","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02370","article-title":"The development and operational application of nonlinear algorithms for the measurement of sea surface temperatures with the NOAA polar-orbiting environmental satellites","volume":"103","author":"Walton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.023","article-title":"A decade of sea surface temperature from MODIS","volume":"165","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.06.016","article-title":"An infrared desert dust index for the Along-Track Scanning Radiometers","volume":"116","author":"Good","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.007","article-title":"Saharan dust in nighttime thermal imagery: Detection and reduction of related biases in retrieved sea surface temperature","volume":"104","author":"Merchant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.009","article-title":"Improving satellite retrieved night-time infrared sea surface temperatures in aerosol contaminated regions","volume":"223","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23565","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900105","article-title":"Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of skin sea surface temperature. 1: Theory. modelling and inter-algorithm comparison","volume":"104","author":"Merchant","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0994:TMAERI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a high-accuracy, sea-going infrared spectroradiometer","volume":"18","author":"Minnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1413.1","article-title":"Clear-Sky Mask for the Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans","volume":"27","author":"Petrenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tjemkes, S.A. (2020, August 01). On the Conversion from Radiances to Equivalent Brightness Temperatures. Available online: http:\/\/www.eumetsat.int\/groups\/ops\/documents\/document\/pdf_msg_seviri_rad2bright.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, B., and Minnett, P. (2020). Evaluation of the ERA5 Sea Surface Skin Temperature with Remotely-Sensed Shipborne Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111873"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6889","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0955.1","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of MERRA-2 and ERA-Interim sea-surface temperature, air temperature and humidity profiles over the Atlantic Ocean using AEROSE measurements","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bosilovich, M.G., Santha, A., Lawrence, C., Richard, C., Clara, D., Ronald, G., Robin, K., Qing, L., Andrea, M., and Peter, N. (2015). MERRA-2: Initial Evaluation of the Climate."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders, R., Hocking, J., Turner, E., Rayer, P., Rundle, D., Brunel, P., Vidot, J., Roquet, P., Matricardi, M., and Geer, A. (2018). An update on the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model (currently at version 12). Geosci. Model Dev., 11.","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-2018-64"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701408394","article-title":"Evaluating the calibration of MTSAT-1R infrared channels using collocated Terra MODIS measurements","volume":"29","author":"Sohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3359.1","article-title":"Atmospheric response to the Gulf Stream: Seasonal variations","volume":"23","author":"Minobe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"106441U","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS and Sentinel-3 SLSTR thermal emissive bands calibration consistency using Dome C","volume":"Volume 10644","author":"Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XXIV"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.001","article-title":"Combining model and geostationary satellite data to reconstruct hourly SST field over the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"146","author":"Marullo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JCLI3884.1","article-title":"The SST Multidecadal Variability in the Atlantic\u2013Mediterranean Region and Its Relation to AMO","volume":"24","author":"Marullo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8351","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012192","article-title":"The diurnal cycle of sea-surface temperature and estimation of the heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"121","author":"Marullo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3279\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:17:56Z","timestamp":1760177876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]}}}