{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T06:09:38Z","timestamp":1773468578017,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier retreat is a common phenomenon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) with global warming during the past several decades, except for several mountains, such as the glaciers in the Karakoram and the western Kunlun Mountains. The dynamic nature of glaciers significantly influences the hydrologic, geologic, and ecological systems in the mountain regions. The sensitivity and dynamic response to climate change make glaciers excellent indicators of regional and global climate change, such as glacier melting and retreat with the rise of local air temperature. Long-term monitoring of glacier change is important to understand and assess past, current, and possible future climate environments. Some glacier surfaces are safe and accessible by foot, and are monitored using mass balance stakes and snow pits. Meanwhile, some glaciers with inaccessible termini may be surveyed using satellite remote images and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Those inaccessible glaciers are generally covered by debris in the southeast QTP, which is hardly accessible due to the wide distribution of crevasses and cliffs. In this paper, we used the UAV to monitor the dynamic features of mass balance and velocity of the debris-covered region of Baishui River Glacier No. 1 (BRG1) on the Yulong Snow Mountain (YSM), Southeast QTP. We obtained the Orthomosaic and DEM with a high resolution of 0.10 m on 20 May and 22 September 2018, respectively. The comparison showed that the elevation of the debris-covered region of the BRG1 decreased by 6.58 m \u00b1 3.70 m on average, and the mean mass balance was \u22125.92 m w.e. \u00b1 3.33 m w.e. during the summer, correspondingly. The mean displacement of debris-covered glacier surface was 18.30 m \u00b1 6.27 m, that is, the mean daily velocity was 0.14 m\/d \u00b1 0.05 m\/d during the summer. In addition, the UAV images not only revealed the different patterns of glacier melting and displacement but also captured the phenomena of mass loss due to ice avalanches at the glacier front and the development of large crevasses. This study provides a feasible method for understanding the dynamic features of global debris-covered glaciers which are inaccessible and unobservable by other means.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"3280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Summer Mass Balance and Surface Velocity Derived by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle on Debris-Covered Region of Baishui River Glacier No. 1, Yulong Snow Mountain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Science, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China"},{"name":"Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station\/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Nanchang Base of International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO\/ Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research (Jiangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330000, China"}]},{"given":"Shijin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station\/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Shuhua","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1301-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Yancong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Open-Sea Fishery Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sciences"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1822-y","article-title":"Importance and Vulnerability of the World\u2019s Water Towers","volume":"577","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Asian Water Tower Change and Its Impacts","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. 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