{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:19:24Z","timestamp":1760239164078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uninterrupted and overlapping satellite instrument measurements of Earth\u2019s radiation budget from space are required to sufficiently monitor the planet\u2019s changing climate, detect trends in key climate variables, constrain climate models, and quantify climate feedbacks. The Clouds and Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments are currently making these vital measurements for the scientific community and society, but with modern technologies, there are more efficient and cost-effective alternatives to the CERES implementation. We present a compact radiometer concept, Trutinor (meaning \u201cbalance\u201d in Latin), with two broadband channels, shortwave (0.2\u20133 \u03bcm) and longwave (5\u201350 \u03bcm), capable of continuing the CERES record by flying in formation with an existing imager on another satellite platform. The instrument uses a three-mirror off-axis anastigmat telescope as the front optics to image these broadband radiances onto a microbolometer array coated with gold black, providing the required performance across the full spectral range. Each pixel of the sensor has a field of view of 0.6\u00b0, which was chosen so the shortwave band can be efficiently calibrated using the Moon as an on-orbit light source with the same angular extent, thereby reducing mass and improving measurement accuracy, towards the goal of a gap-tolerant observing system. The longwave band will utilize compact blackbodies with phase-change cells for an absolute calibration reference, establishing a clear path for SI-traceability. Trutinor\u2019s instrument breadboard has been designed and is currently being built and tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1602238763000},"page":"3281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trutinor: A Conceptual Study for a Next-Generation Earth Radiant Energy Instrument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cindy L.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantine","family":"Lukashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8098-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rand","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resonon Inc., Bozeman, MT 59715, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resonon Inc., Bozeman, MT 59715, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William H.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Doelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1056-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Buleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quartus Engineering Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<2125:MTPERO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mission to Planet Earth: Role of Clouds and Radiation in Climate","volume":"76","author":"Wielicki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. 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