{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T18:51:59Z","timestamp":1778007119012,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61705030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61705030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polarization lidar plays a significant role in characterizing the properties of cirrus clouds, classifying aerosol types, retrieving aerosol microphysical properties, etc. However, the retrieval reliability and accuracy of the linear volume depolarization ratio (LVDR) of atmospheric particles rely on many system factors, requiring intensive attention and massive efforts on system calibrations and error evaluations, etc. In this work, a theoretical model based on the Stokes\u2013Mueller formalism has been established for the newly developed polarization-sensitive imaging lidar (PSI-Lidar) technique. The systematic errors introduced by the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) of the emitted laser beam, the offset angle, and the quantum efficiencies (QEs) and polarization extinction ratios (PERs) of the polarization-sensitive image sensor, were evaluated in detail for the PSI-Lidar at 450, 520, and 808 nm. Although the DoLP of typical multimode laser diodes is not very high, the influence of non-ideal polarized laser beam on the LVDR can be reduced to less than 1% by employing a high-PER linear polarizer to improve the DoLP of the transmitted laser beam. Laboratory measurements have revealed that the relative QEs of the image sensor with four polarized directions are independent of the total illumination intensity and indicate a good consistency with the factory relative QEs (less than 2% deviation). Meanwhile, the influence of the relative QEs on the LVDR can be well-calibrated from either experimental or factory relative QEs. Owing to the non-ideal PER of the polarization-sensitive image sensor, e.g., \u224874 at 808 nm, \u2248470 at 450 nm, the crosstalk between received signals with different polarization states can significantly deteriorate the measurement accuracy for small LVDRs. A relative error of the LVDR less than 4% can be achieved at 450 and 520 nm with the LVDR varying from 0.004 to 0.3 for a PER uncertainty of \u00b1 5%, by taking the polarization crosstalk effect into account. However, in order to achieve a relative error of less than 10% for a small atmospheric LVDR of 0.004 at 808 nm, the uncertainty of the PER should be less than \u00b1 2.5%. The offset angle can be calculated based on the four polarized lidar signals and the PER values at the four polarization angles. It was found out that the retrieval error of the offset angle is less than 0.15\u00b0 even with a large PER uncertainty (\u00b120%), giving a negligible systematic error on the LVDR (less than 1%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"3309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Modeling and Evaluation of the Systematic Errors for the Polarization-Sensitive Imaging Lidar Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3270-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenping","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1000-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2016.06.038","article-title":"Optical properties of mixed aerosol layers over Japan derived with multi-wavelength Mie\u2013Raman lidar system","volume":"188","author":"Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2016.06.031","article-title":"Ground-based network observation using Mie-Raman lidars and multi-wavelength Raman lidars and algorithm to retrieve distributions of aerosol components","volume":"188","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabuchi, Y., Manago, N., Bagtasa, G., Saitoh, H., Takeuchi, N., Yabuki, M., Shiina, T., and Kuze, H. (2012, January 22\u201327). Multi-Wavelength Lidar System for the Characterization of Tropospheric Aerosols and Clouds. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6351839"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-73-2012","article-title":"Aerosol classification using airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements\u2014Methodology and examples","volume":"5","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2014.08.003","article-title":"Detection of internally mixed Asian dust with air pollution aerosols using a polarization optical particle counter and a polarization-sensitive two-wavelength lidar","volume":"150","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"435","article-title":"A new differential absorption lidar for NO2 measurements using Raman-shifted technique","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012441","article-title":"NO2 lidar profile measurements for satellite interpretation and validation","volume":"114","author":"Volten","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, H., and Kuhn, M. (2017). Dynamic Data Filtering of Long-Range Doppler LiDAR Wind Speed Measurements. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060561"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2015.03.003","article-title":"Aerosol hygroscopic growth and the dependence of atmospheric electric field measurements with relative humidity","volume":"85","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Li, Z.Q., Chen, J., Wang, Y.Y., Wu, H., Jin, X.A., Liang, C., Li, S.Z., Wang, W., and Cribb, M. (2020). Hygroscopicity of Different Types of Aerosol Particles: Case Studies Using Multi-Instrument Data in Megacity Beijing, China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050785"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Kang, H., Ryu, J.Y., Jun, S.C., Yun, S.T., Choi, S., Park, S., Yoon, M., and Lee, H. (2018). Development of Raman Lidar for Remote Sensing of CO2 Leakage at an Artificial Carbon Capture and Storage Site. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091439"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19420","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.019420","article-title":"Multi-frequency differential absorption LIDAR system for remote sensing of CO2 and H2O near 1.6\u00b5m","volume":"26","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimada, S., Goit, J.P., Ohsawa, T., Kogaki, T., and Nakamura, S. (2020). Coastal Wind Measurements Using a Single Scanning LiDAR. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081347"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-2381-2020","article-title":"First validation of Aeolus wind observations by airborne Doppler wind lidar measurements","volume":"13","author":"Witschas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1991)072<1848:TPLTFC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Polarization Lidar Technique for Cloud Research\u2014A Review and Current Assessment","volume":"72","author":"Sassen","year":"1991","journal-title":"B Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"D07207","article-title":"CALIPSO lidar observations of the optical properties of Saharan dust: A case study of long-range transport","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1971)010<1011:OBLOLD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observations by Lidar of Linear Depolarization Ratios for Hydrometeors","volume":"10","author":"Schotland","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.001530","article-title":"Polarization Properties of Lidar Backscattering from Clouds","volume":"12","author":"Pal","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.30.003421","article-title":"Corona-Producing Cirrus Cloud Properties Derived from Polarization Lidar and Photographic Analyses","volume":"30","author":"Sassen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.07.028","article-title":"Spectral dependence of backscattering coefficient of mixed phase clouds over West Africa measured with two-wavelength Raman polarization lidar: Features attributed to ice-crystals corner reflection","volume":"202","author":"Veselovskii","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24566","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.024566","article-title":"Layers of quasi-horizontally oriented ice crystals in cirrus clouds observed by a two-wavelength polarization lidar","volume":"22","author":"Borovoi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3788\/COL20080604.0235","article-title":"Depolarization properties of cirrus clouds from polarization lidar measurements over Hefei in spring","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.005505","article-title":"Polarization lidar returns from aerosols and thin clouds: A framework for the analysis","volume":"37","author":"Gobbi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2223.1","article-title":"Study of planar ice crystal orientations in ice clouds from scanning polarization lidar observations","volume":"44","author":"Noel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.006470","article-title":"Lidar ratio and depolarization ratio for cirrus clouds","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00C11.1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009487","article-title":"Vertical aerosol profiles from Raman polarization lidar observations during the dry season AMMA field campaign","volume":"113","author":"Heese","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116201","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3505877","article-title":"Lidar polarization discrimination of bioaerosols","volume":"49","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7-1-7-4","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015112","article-title":"Observation of dust and anthropogenic aerosol plumes in the Northwest Pacific with a two-wavelength polarization lidar on board the research vessel Mirai","volume":"29","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027237","article-title":"Volcanic ash plume identification using polarization lidar: Augustine eruption, Alaska","volume":"34","author":"Sassen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"D13202","article-title":"Vertically resolved separation of dust and smoke over Cape Verde using multiwavelength Raman and polarization lidars during Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2008","volume":"114","author":"Tesche","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14559","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-14559-2017","article-title":"Long-term profiling of mineral dust and pollution aerosol with multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar at the Central Asian site of Dushanbe, Tajikistan: Case studies","volume":"17","author":"Hofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-3463-2015","article-title":"Estimated desert-dust ice nuclei profiles from polarization lidar: Methodology and case studies","volume":"15","author":"Mamouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2487-2013","article-title":"Aerosol classification by airborne high spectral resolution lidar observations","volume":"13","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-5111-2016","article-title":"An overview of the first decade of Polly(NET): An emerging network of automated Raman-polarization lidars for continuous aerosol profiling","volume":"16","author":"Baars","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19S17","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003253","article-title":"Continuous observations of Asian dust and other aerosols by polarization lidars in China and Japan during ACE-Asia","volume":"109","author":"Shimizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3717-2014","article-title":"Fine and coarse dust separation with polarization lidar","volume":"7","author":"Mamouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00548.x","article-title":"Profiling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke with multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar at Cape Verde","volume":"63","author":"Tesche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7028","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.390475","article-title":"Investigation of aerosol absorption with dual-polarization lidar observations","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864106","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1864106","article-title":"Polarization Lidar Detection of Agricultural Aerosol Emissions","volume":"2018","author":"Gregorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.002742","article-title":"Systematic error of lidar profiles caused by a polarization-dependent receiver transmission: Quantification and error correction scheme","volume":"48","author":"Mattis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2014.10.021","article-title":"The case for a modern multiwavelength, polarization-sensitive LIDAR in orbit around Mars","volume":"153","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4181-2016","article-title":"About the effects of polarising optics on lidar signals and the Delta 90 calibration","volume":"9","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freudenthaler, V., Seefeldner, M., Gross, S., and Wandinger, U. (2015, January 5\u201310). Accuracy of Linear Depolarisation Ratios in Clean Air Ranges Measured with Polis-6 at 355 and 532 nm. Proceedings of the 27th International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC 27), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201611925013"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.004878","article-title":"Use of polarimetric lidar for the study of oriented ice plates in clouds","volume":"45","author":"Vallar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00396.x","article-title":"Depolarization ratio profiling at several wavelengths in pure Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006","volume":"61","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14583","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.014583","article-title":"Improved calibration method for depolarization lidar measurement","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, G.Y., Wu, S.H., and Song, X.Q. (2018). Depolarization Ratio Profiles Calibration and Observations of Aerosol and Cloud in the Tibetan Plateau Based on Polarization Raman Lidar. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030378"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.004425","article-title":"Comparison of various linear depolarization parameters measured by lidar","volume":"38","author":"Cairo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.7.000427","article-title":"Polarization lidar: Corrections of instrumental effects","volume":"7","author":"Biele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1872.1","article-title":"Calibration technique for polarization-sensitive lidars","volume":"23","author":"Alvarez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean Tech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.29.000400","article-title":"General description of polarization in lidar using Stokes vectors and polar decomposition of Mueller matrices","volume":"29","author":"Hayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.000389","article-title":"Polarization analysis and corrections of different telescopes in polarization lidar","volume":"54","author":"Di","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.33.001488","article-title":"Correction technology of a polarization lidar with a complex optical system","volume":"33","author":"Di","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-4935-2016","article-title":"Assessment of lidar depolarization uncertainty by means of a polarimetric lidar simulator","volume":"9","author":"Belegante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.0A1613","article-title":"Atmospheric aerosol monitoring by an elastic Scheimpflug lidar system","volume":"23","author":"Mei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201400419","article-title":"Continuous-wave differential absorption lidar","volume":"9","author":"Mei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A260","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.00A260","article-title":"Implementation of a violet Scheimpflug lidar system for atmospheric aerosol studies","volume":"26","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31942","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.031942","article-title":"Dual-wavelength Mie-scattering Scheimpflug lidar system developed for the studies of the aerosol extinction coefficient and the Angstrom exponent","volume":"26","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8612","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.58.008612","article-title":"Three-wavelength polarization Scheimpflug lidar system developed for remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols","volume":"58","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.003562","article-title":"Development of an atmospheric polarization Scheimpflug lidar system based on a time-division multiplexing scheme","volume":"42","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-017-6784-x","article-title":"Insect abundance over Chinese rice fields in relation to environmental parameters, studied with a polarization-sensitive CW near-IR lidar system","volume":"123","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Kong, Z., Ma, T., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Z., and Mei, L. (2020). A calibration-free polarization imaging lidar developed for atmospheric remote sensing. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf., under review."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2020.107212","article-title":"Feasibility investigation of a monostatic imaging lidar with a parallel-placed image sensor for atmospheric remote sensing","volume":"254","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER14101001","article-title":"Super Resolution Laser Radar with Blinking Atmospheric Particles\u2014Application to Interacting Flying Insects","volume":"147","author":"Brydegaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Chipman, R.A. (2009). HandBook Of Optics, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Bohren, C.F., and Huffman, D.R. (1998). Electromagnetic Theory, Wiley-VCH."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Travis, L., and Lacis, A. (2002). Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.003795","article-title":"Reexamination of depolarization in lidar measurements","volume":"47","author":"Gimmestad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.002785","article-title":"Novel polarization-sensitive micropulse lidar measurement technique","volume":"15","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.05.072","article-title":"Noise modeling, evaluation and reduction for the atmospheric lidar technique employing an image sensor","volume":"426","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106202","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2358636","article-title":"Dual-polarization lidar using a liquid crystal variable retarder","volume":"45","author":"Seldomridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, N., and Breckinridge, J.B. (2011, January 21\u201325). Polarization compensation of Fresnel aberrations in telescopes. Proceedings of the Uv\/Optical\/Ir Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts V, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.896638"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.10.000805","article-title":"Calculation of the calibration constant of polarization lidar and its dependency on atmospheric temperature","volume":"10","author":"Behrendt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031752","article-title":"Transport Patterns, Size Distributions, and Depolarization Characteristics of Dust Particles in East Asia in Spring 2018","volume":"125","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:19:35Z","timestamp":1760177975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]}}}