{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T13:38:58Z","timestamp":1768311538163,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["NO. 2017YFC0822402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2017YFC0822402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic registration of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a challenging task due to the influence of SAR speckle noise and nonlinear radiometric differences. This study proposes a robust algorithm based on phase congruency to register optical and SAR images (ROS-PC). It consists of a uniform Harris feature detection method based on multi-moment of the phase congruency map (UMPC-Harris) and a local feature descriptor based on the histogram of phase congruency orientation on multi-scale max amplitude index maps (HOSMI). The UMPC-Harris detects corners and edge points based on a voting strategy, the multi-moment of phase congruency maps, and an overlapping block strategy, which is used to detect stable and uniformly distributed keypoints. Subsequently, HOSMI is derived for a keypoint by utilizing the histogram of phase congruency orientation on multi-scale max amplitude index maps, which effectively increases the discriminability and robustness of the final descriptor. Finally, experimental results obtained using simulated images show that the UMPC-Harris detector has a superior repeatability rate. The image registration results obtained on test images show that the ROS-PC is robust against SAR speckle noise and nonlinear radiometric differences. The ROS-PC can tolerate some rotational and scale changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"3339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Robust Algorithm Based on Phase Congruency for Optical and SAR Image Registration in Suburban Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Mingchao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}]},{"given":"Jinghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.05.006","article-title":"Sparse representation based multi-sensor image fusion for multi-focus and multi-modality images: A review","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.01.003","article-title":"Pixel level fusion techniques for SAR and optical images: A review","volume":"59","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapete, D., and Cigna, F. (2019). Detection of archaeological looting from space: Methods, achievements, and challenges. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202389"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1594430","article-title":"A novel change detection method combined with registration for SAR images","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S.L., Chen, J.Q., Liu, X., and Li, J. (2018, January 1\u20134). Change Detection of Huangqi Lake Based on Modified Active Contour Using Sentinel-1 SAR Image. Proceedings of the 2018 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Toyama, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/PIERS.2018.8597729"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Li, K., and Zhang, X.Q. (2018, January 13\u201315). Review of Research on Registration of SAR and Optical Remote Sensing Image Based on Feature. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP 2018), Shenzhen, China."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"486","article-title":"Robust registration method of SAR and optical remote sensing images based on cascade","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00137-9","article-title":"Image registration methods: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Zitova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2034842","article-title":"Mutual-information-based registration of TerraSAR-X and Ikonos imagery in urban areas","volume":"48","author":"Suri","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, L.X., and Tan, T.N. (October, January 16). SAR and SPOT Image Registration Based on Mutual Information with Contrast Measure. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2007.4379857"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W., Su, F.Z., Wang, R.R., and Fan, J.F. (2012, January 22\u201327). A Visual Circle Based Image Registration Algorithm for Optical and SAR Imagery. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2012), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6351089"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0011-2","article-title":"Non-rigid multi-modal image registration using cross-cumulative residual entropy","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.10.005","article-title":"A fast and fully automatic registration approach based on point features for multi-source remote-sensing images","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.Y., and Jiang, J. (2019). Registration algorithm based on line-intersection-line for satellite remote sensing images of urban areas. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121400"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6058","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2431498","article-title":"Automatic optical-to-SAR image registration by iterative line extraction and Voronoi integrated spectral point matching","volume":"53","author":"Sui","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Li, H., Manjunath, B.S., and Mitra, S.K. (1992, January 26\u201328). Contour-Based Multisensor Image Registration. Proceedings of the Conference Record of the Twenty-Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"20","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ke, Y., Sukthankar, R., and Society, I.C. (July, January 27). PCA-SIFT: A More Distinctive Representation for Local Image Descriptors. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2004), Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay, H., Tuytelaars, T., and Gool, L.V. (2006, January 7\u201313). SURF: Speeded Up Robust Features. Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV 2006), Graz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1007\/11744023_32"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1137\/080732730","article-title":"ASIFT: A new framework for fully affine invariant image comparison","volume":"2","author":"Morel","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIAM J. Imaging Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2144607","article-title":"Uniform robust scale-invariant feature matching for optical remote sensing images","volume":"49","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2420659","article-title":"Remote sensing image matching based on adaptive binning SIFT descriptor","volume":"53","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2216500","article-title":"Registration of optical and SAR satellite images by exploring the spatial relationship of the improved SIFT","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2281391","article-title":"A novel coarse-to-fine scheme for automatic image registration based on SIFT and mutual information","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2323552","article-title":"SAR-SIFT: A SIFT-like algorithm for SAR images","volume":"53","author":"Dellinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2600858","article-title":"Remote sensing image registration with modified SIFT and enhanced feature matching","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2872979","article-title":"A Gabor odd filter-based ratio operator for SAR image matching","volume":"16","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2790483","article-title":"OS-SIFT: A robust SIFT-like algorithm for high-resolution optical-to-SAR image registration in suburban areas","volume":"56","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-018-1407-5","article-title":"A new 2D shape retrieval scheme based on phase congruency and histogram of oriented gradients","volume":"13","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sig. Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Wang, B.N., Zhu, X.Y., Xiang, M.S., Fu, X.K., and Sun, X.F. (2018, January 22\u201327). Registration of SAR and Optical Images by Weighted SIFT Based on Phase Congruency. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2018), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8519181"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, S., and Zhong, Y.F. (2018, January 19\u201320). Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Image Registration Based on Multi-Scale Phase Congruency. Proceedings of the 10th IAPR Workshop on Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing (PRRS 2018), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRRS.2018.8486287"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragb, H.K., and Asari, V.K. (2016). Histogram of oriented phase (HOP): A new descriptor based on phase congruency. Mobile Multimedia\/Image Processing, Security, and Applications 2016, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2225159"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2656380","article-title":"Robust registration of multimodal remote sensing images based on structural similarity","volume":"55","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.010","article-title":"A local phase based invariant feature for remote sensing image matching","volume":"142","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Habib, A., He, H.Q., Zhu, Q., and Zhang, W. (2017). Robust feature matching method for SAR and optical images by using Gaussian-gamma-shaped Bi-windows-based descriptor and geometric constraint. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090882"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.0389","article-title":"Automatic optical-to-SAR image registration using a structural descriptor","volume":"14","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Image Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., Qin, Q., Luo, B., Sun, H., and Wu, C. (2018). HOMPC: A local feature descriptor based on the combination of magnitude and phase congruency information for multi-sensor remote sensing images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081234"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2815523","article-title":"SAR and optical image registration using nonlinear diffusion and phase congruency structural descriptor","volume":"56","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2959244","article-title":"RIFT: Multi-modal image matching based on radiation-variation insensitive feature transform","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., and Li, S. (2016, January 12\u201319). HOPC: A Novel Similarity Metric Based on Geometric Structural Properties for Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Image Matching. Proceedings of the ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-1-9-2016"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Image features from phase congruency","volume":"1","author":"Kovesi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comput. Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Kovesi, P. (2003, January 10\u201312). Phase Congruency Detects Corners and Edges. Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA 2003), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2325970","article-title":"A novel point-matching algorithm based on fast sample consensus for image registration","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3339\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:20:32Z","timestamp":1760178032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]}}}