{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T20:37:53Z","timestamp":1771187873549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1161809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1161809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban heat islands (UHIs) can present significant risks to human health. Santiago, Chile has around 7 million residents, concentrated in an average density of 480 people\/km2. During the last few summer seasons, the highest extreme maximum temperatures in over 100 years have been recorded. Given the projections in temperature increase for this metropolitan region over the next 50 years, the Santiago UHI could have an important impact on the health and stress of the general population. We studied the presence and spatial variability of UHIs in Santiago during the summer seasons from 2005 to 2017 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery and data from nine meteorological stations. Simple regression models, geographic weighted regression (GWR) models and geostatistical interpolations were used to find nocturnal thermal differences in UHIs of up to 9 \u00b0C, as well as increases in the magnitude and extension of the daytime heat island from summer 2014 to 2017. Understanding the behavior of the UHI of Santiago, Chile, is important for urban planners and local decision makers. Additionally, understanding the spatial pattern of the UHI could improve knowledge about how urban areas experience and could mitigate climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"3345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Variation of the Urban Heat Island in Santiago, Chile during Summers 2005\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-5026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Montaner-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mag\u00edster en Teledetecci\u00f3n, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide #5750, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Morales-Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research in Environmental Sciences (LARES), Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Av Santa Rosa #11.315, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3787-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Sobrino","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit, Image Processing Laboratory, Parc Cient\u00edfic Universitat de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Jir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture &amp; Urbanism, University of Chile, Av. Portugal 84, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2809-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Huete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Fuentes-Jaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research in Environmental Sciences (LARES), Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Av Santa Rosa #11.315, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00e9mera Centro de Observaci\u00f3n de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide #5750, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research in Environmental Sciences (LARES), Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Av Santa Rosa #11.315, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02300","article-title":"The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves","volume":"427","author":"Vidale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"587","article-title":"World population prospects","volume":"1","author":"Melorose","year":"2015","journal-title":"U. N."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/352), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Romero, H., and Sarricolea, P. (2006, January 18\u201321). Patrones y Factores de Crecimiento Espacial de la Ciudad de Santiago de Chile y Sus Efectos en la Generaci\u00f3n de Islas de Calor Urbanas de Superficie. Proceedings of the Clima, Sociedad y Medio Ambiente, V Congreso de la Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Climatolog\u00eda, Zaragoza, Espa\u00f1a. Serie A N\u00b0."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Metabolismo urbano: Herramienta para la sustentabilidad de las ciudades","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdisciplina"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1162\/jie.2007.1107","article-title":"The Changing Metabolism of Cities","volume":"11","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2015.41004","article-title":"Assessment of Urban Heat Island Using Remotely Sensed Imagery over Greater Cairo, Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Abutaleb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7788(96)00999-1","article-title":"Urban climates and heat islands: Albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat","volume":"25","author":"Taha","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehoczky, A., Sobrino, J.A., Skokovi\u0107, D., and Aguilar, E. (2017). The Urban Heat Island Effect in the City of Valencia: A Case Study for Hot Summer Days. Urban Sci., 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci1010009"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30","article-title":"Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures","volume":"67","author":"Deilami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6538-4","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of the atmospheric and surface urban heat islands of the Metropolitan Area of Toluca, Mexico","volume":"76","author":"Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.716548","article-title":"Evaluation of the surface urban heat island effect in the city of Madrid by thermal remote sensing","volume":"34","author":"Sobrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ridder, K., Maiheu, B., Lauwaet, D., Daglis, I.A., Keramitsoglou, I., Kourtidis, K., Manunta, P., and Paganini, M. (2016). Urban Heat Island Intensification during Hot Spells\u2014The Case of Paris during the Summer of 2003. Urban Sci., 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci1010003"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1225","article-title":"A GIS-based approach to microclimate monitoring in Singapore\u2019s high-rise housing estates","volume":"60","author":"Nichol","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482701004078","article-title":"An investigation of winter nocturnal air and road surface temperature variation in the West Midlands, UK under different synoptic conditions","volume":"8","author":"Weller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeratikasikorn, C., and Bonafoni, S. (2018). Urban Heat Island Analysis over the Land Use Zoning Plan of Bangkok by Means of Landsat 8 Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030440"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"14","article-title":"An Assessment of Urban Heat Island Effect using Remote Sensing Data","volume":"10","author":"Guiling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobrino, J.A., and Irakulis, I. (2020). A Methodology for Comparing the Surface Urban Heat Island in Selected Urban Agglomerations Around the World from Sentinel-3 SLSTR Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12122052"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends","volume":"64","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzaei, M., Verrelst, J., Arbabi, M., Shaklabadi, Z., and Lotfizadeh, M. (2020). Urban Heat Island Monitoring and Impacts on Citizen\u2019s General Health Status in Isfahan Metropolis: A Remote Sensing and Field Survey Approach. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081350"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.04.026","article-title":"Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+ Data: Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux","volume":"99","author":"Kato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Voogt, J. (2007). How Researchers Measure Urban Heat Islands. Dep. Geogr. Univ. West. Ontanrio, 34, Available online: https:\/\/19january2017snapshot.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2014-07\/documents\/epa_how_to_measure_a_uhi.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-039","article-title":"Characterizing urban heat islands of global settlements using MODIS and nighttime lights products","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-34022014000100009","article-title":"El estudio de la Isla de Calor Urbana de Superficie del \u00c1rea Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile con im\u00e1genes Terra-MODIS y An\u00e1lisis de Componentes Principales","volume":"57","author":"Espinoza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Geogr. Norte Gd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2261","article-title":"Derivation of Birmingham\u2019s summer surface urban heat island from MODIS satellite images","volume":"32","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wan, Z. (2017, March 20). Collection-6 MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products Users\u2019 Guide, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/documents\/118\/MOD11_User_Guide_V6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)60019-4","article-title":"A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island","volume":"20","author":"Rizwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n Meteorol\u00f3gica de Chile (DMC) (2016). Temperaturas en Santiago Marcaron un Nuevo R\u00e9cord Hist\u00f3rico, DMC."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Subdere (2017, June 24). Gobierno Regional Metropolitano Divisi\u00f3n Administrativa de Chile, Available online: http:\/\/www.subdere.gov.cl\/divisi%C3%B3n-administrativa-de-chile\/gobierno-regional-metropolitano-de-santiago."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn094","article-title":"Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: A case-crossover study in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico","volume":"37","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.038653","article-title":"Modelling the non-linear multiple-lag effects of ambient temperature on mortality in Santiago and Palermo: A constrained segmented distributed lag approach","volume":"66","author":"Muggeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160801908137","article-title":"Relationships between remotely sensed surface parameters associated with the urban heat sink formation in Santiago, Chile","volume":"29","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"INE\u2014Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edsticas (2017, June 22). Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2017. Available online: http:\/\/resultados.censo2017.cl\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.08.020","article-title":"MODIStsp: An R package for automatic preprocessing of MODIS Land Products time series","volume":"97","author":"Busetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Estevez, J., and Gavil\u00e1n, P. (2008). Procedimientos de validaci\u00f3n de datos de estaciones meteorol\u00f3gicas autom\u00e1ticas. aplicaci\u00f3n a la red de informaci\u00f3n agroclim\u00e1tica de andaluc\u00eda. Inst. Investig. Form. Agrar. Aliment., 1\u201312. Available online: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/LUISAQUIJEDIAZ\/validacion-datos-estacion-meteo."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180246","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.246","article-title":"A global dataset of air temperature derived from satellite remote sensing and weather stations","volume":"5","author":"Hooker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Puebla, J., Daniel-Cardozo, O., and Garc\u00eda-Palomares, J.C. (2012, January 19\u201321). Regresi\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1ficamente Ponderada (GWR) y estimaci\u00f3n de la demanda de las estaciones del Metro de Madrid. Proceedings of the XV Congreso Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica, AGE-CSIC, Madrid, Espa\u00f1a."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"431","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression","volume":"47","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. D"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"42","article-title":"Regresi\u00f3n ponderada geogr\u00e1ficamente para el estudio de la temperatura superficial en Medell\u00edn, Colombia","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. AIDIS"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2900.1","article-title":"Use of NDVI and Land Surface Temperature for Drought Assessment: Merits and Limitations","volume":"23","author":"Karnieli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.15196\/RS04105","article-title":"Method of the Geographically Weighted Regression and an Example for its Application","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg. Stat."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"USGS (1996). Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO30), USGS."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Emery, X. (2013). Apuntes de Geoestad\u00edstica, Universidad de Chile."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1029\/1998WR900018","article-title":"Evaluating the use of \u201cgoodness-of-fit\u201d Measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation","volume":"35","author":"LeGates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2008.0180x","article-title":"Concordance Correlation for Model Performance Assessment: An Example with Reference Evapotranspiration Observations","volume":"101","author":"Meek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3487","article-title":"A refined index of model performance: A rejoinder","volume":"33","author":"LeGates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00799","article-title":"Damage costs of climate change through intensification of tropical cyclone activities: An application of FUND","volume":"39","author":"Narita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8995","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC05p08995","article-title":"Statistics for the evaluation and comparison of models","volume":"90","author":"Willmott","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Petrov, B.N., and Csaki, F. (1973, January 2\u20138). Information Theory and Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory, Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnham, K.P., and Anderson, D.R. (1998). Model Selection and Inference\u2014A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2917-7_3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-34022016000100004","article-title":"Factores explicativos de la distribuci\u00f3n espacial de la temperatura del aire de verano en Santiago de Chile","volume":"63","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Geogr. Norte Gd."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Pebesma, E., and Benedikt, G. (2017, April 12). Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Geostatistical Modelling, Prediction and Simulation. Available online: https:\/\/mran.microsoft.com\/snapshot\/2017-02-04\/web\/packages\/gstat\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"89","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n, superficie y accesibilidad de las \u00e1reas verdes en Santiago de Chile","volume":"36","author":"Aldunce","year":"2010","journal-title":"EURE"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2017, September 30). Actualizaci\u00f3n Onemi: Cinco Incendios Forestales se Mantienen Activos en Cinco Regiones del Pa\u00eds. Available online: https:\/\/www.emol.com\/noticias\/Nacional\/2016\/01\/31\/786188\/Actualizacion-Onemi-Cinco-incendios-forestales-se-mantienen-activos-en-cinco-regiones-del-pais.html."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"CONAF (2017). An\u00e1lisis de la Afectaci\u00f3n y Severidad de los Incendios Forestales Ocurridos en Enero y Febrero de 2017 Sobre los Usos de Suelo y los Ecosistemas Naturales Presentes Entre las Regiones de Coquimbo y la Araucan\u00eda de Chile, Corporaci\u00f3n Nacional Forestal. Informe T\u00e9cnico."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"186","article-title":"The Data Model Concept in Statistical Mapping","volume":"7","author":"Jenks","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int. Yearb. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"223","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n espacial entre tipos de usos y coberturas de suelos e islas de calor en santiago de chile","volume":"1","author":"Romero","year":"2008","journal-title":"An. Soc. Chil. Cienc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Morales, R.G.E. (2006). Contaminaci\u00f3n Atmosf\u00e9rica Urbana: Episodios Cr\u00edticos de Contaminaci\u00f3n Ambiental en la Ciudad de Santiago, Editorial Universitaria."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Z., Wu, C., Zhao, D., Xu, X., Yang, J., Li, F., Sun, Z., and Liu, L. (2019). Determining the Boundary and Probability of Surface Urban Heat Island Footprint Based on a Logistic Model. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111368"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.229","article-title":"The surface urban heat island response to urban expansion: A panel analysis for the conterminous United States","volume":"605","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzluff, J., Shulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Zumbrunnen, C., and Simon, U. (2008). Global Warming and Urban Heat Island. Urban Ecology, Spinger.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73412-5"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3301","article-title":"A global economic assessment of city policies to reduce climate change impacts","volume":"7","author":"Estrada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2460.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Relationship between Air and Land Surface Temperature under Clear- and Cloudy-Sky Conditions","volume":"50","author":"Gallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Ministerio Medio Ambiente de Chile (2020, September 10). Estrategia Clim\u00e1tica de Largo Plazo 2050. Available online: https:\/\/cambioclimatico.mma.gob.cl\/estrategia-climatica-de-largo-plazo-2050\/descripcion-del-instrumento\/."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:20:45Z","timestamp":1760178045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]}}}