{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:35:50Z","timestamp":1775158550330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFA0600202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600202"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solar radiation significantly affects terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). However, the relationship between GPP and solar radiation is nonlinear because it is affected by diffuse radiation. Solar radiation has undergone a shift from darker to brighter values over the past 30 years in China. However, the effects on GPP of variation in solar radiation because of changes in diffuse radiation are unclear. In this study, national global radiation in conjunction with other meteorological data and remotely sensed data were used as input into a two-leaf light use efficiency model (TL-LUE) that simulated GPP separately for sunlit and shaded leaves for the period from 1981 to 2012. The results showed that the nationwide annual global radiation experienced a significant reduction (2.18 MJ m\u22122 y\u22121; p &lt; 0.05) from 1981 to 2012, decreasing by 1.3% over this 32-year interval. However, the nationwide annual diffuse radiation increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). The reduction in global radiation from 1981 to 2012 decreased the average annual GPP of terrestrial ecosystems in China by 0.09 Pg C y\u22121, whereas the gain in diffuse radiation from 1981 to 2012 increased the average annual GPP in China by about 50%. Therefore, the increase in canopy light use efficiency under higher diffuse radiation only partially offsets the loss of GPP caused by lower global radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1602710679000},"page":"3355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Modeling the Effects of Global and Diffuse Radiation on Terrestrial Gross Primary Productivity in China Based on a Two-Leaf Light Use Efficiency Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanlian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaocui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Leiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, and Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, and Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4345-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2320-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo689","article-title":"Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide","volume":"2","author":"Le","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.03.007","article-title":"Global comparison of light use efficiency models for simulating terrestrial vegetation gross primary production based on the LaThuile database","volume":"192\u2013193","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133311434244","article-title":"Control of atmospheric particles on diffuse radiation and terrestrial plant productivity: A review","volume":"36","author":"Kanniah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progr. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GB001441","article-title":"Impact of atmospheric aerosol light scattering and absorption on terrestrial net primary productivity","volume":"16","author":"Cohan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07949","article-title":"Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink","volume":"458","author":"Mercado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080681","article-title":"Pinatubo diffuse light and the carbon cycle","volume":"299","author":"Farquhar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31421","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901068","article-title":"Responses of net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide to changes in cloudiness: Results from two North American deciduous forest","volume":"104","author":"Gu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"ACL2-1\u2013ACL2-23","article-title":"Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity","volume":"107","author":"Gu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078366","article-title":"Response of a deciduous forest to the mount Pinatubo eruption: Enhanced photosynthesis","volume":"299","author":"Gu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.09.005","article-title":"Long-term trends in solar irradiance in ireland and their potential effects on gross primary productivity","volume":"141","author":"Black","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21808","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v66.21808","article-title":"Evaluating aerosol direct radiative effects on global terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics from 2003 to 2010","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Development of a two-leaf light use efficiency model for improving the calculation of terrestrial gross primary production","volume":"173","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Improving the light use efficiency model for simulating terrestrial vegetation gross primary production by the inclusion of diffuse radiation across ecosystems in China","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.10.023","article-title":"Incorporating diffuse radiation into a light use efficiency and evapotranspiration model: An 11-year study in a high latitude deciduous forest","volume":"248","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JG004008","article-title":"Simulation of the unexpected photosynthetic seasonality in Amazonian evergreen forests by using an improved diffuse fraction-based light use efficiency model","volume":"122","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improved estimate of global gross primary production for reproducing its long-term variation, 1982\u20132017","volume":"126","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103215","article-title":"From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at earth\u2019s surface","volume":"308","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-006-9050-9","article-title":"Observed long-term variations of solar irradiance at the earth\u2019s surface","volume":"125","author":"Ohmura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1493.1","article-title":"Data quality assessment and the long-term trend of ground solar radiation in China","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"D15","article-title":"Trends in aerosol radiative effects over China and Japan inferred from observed cloud cover solar \u201cdimming\u201d and solar \u201cbrightening\u201d","volume":"114","author":"Norris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"7444","article-title":"Variation and spatial distribution of surface solar radiation in China over recent 50 years","volume":"34","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL022322","article-title":"Analysis of 40 years of solar radiation data from China, 1961\u20132000","volume":"32","author":"Che","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01812","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024586","article-title":"More frequent cloud-free sky and less surface solar radiation in China from 1955 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.10.043","article-title":"Climatic factors influencing changing pan evaporation across China from 1961 to 2001","volume":"414\u2013415","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-31-277-2013","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability analysis of diffuse radiation in China during 1981\u20132010","volume":"31","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"619","article-title":"Modeled effects of changes in the amount and diffuse fraction of PAR on forest GPP","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1258.2014.00019","article-title":"Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Walter, I.A., Elliott, R.L., Howell, T.A., Itenfisu, D., Jensen, M.E., and Snyder, R.L. (2005). The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation, Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Final Report.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784408056"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49705021008","article-title":"Solar and terrestrial radiation. Report to the international commission for solar research on actinometric investigations of solar and atmospheric radiation","volume":"50","year":"1924","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-1217-2018","article-title":"Global radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, and the diffuse component dataset of China, 1981\u20132010","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2003.09.019","article-title":"Validation of five global radiation models with measured daily data in China","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Conv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00028-3","article-title":"Estimating the diffuse component from daily and monthly measurements of global radiation","volume":"95","author":"Roderick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Singh, U.P. (2016). Diffuse Radiation Calculation Methods. [Ph.D. Thesis, Science Arizona State University]."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"G04003","article-title":"Retrospective retrieval of long-term consistent global leaf area index (1981\u20132011) from combined AVHRR and MODIS data","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8839","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021536","article-title":"Simultaneous estimation of both hydrological and ecological parameters in an ecohydrological model by assimilating microwave signal","volume":"119","author":"Sawada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.04.010","article-title":"Water use efficiency threshold for terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration in China under afforestation","volume":"195\u2013196","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.04.003","article-title":"Geographical statistical assessments of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China: Results from upscaling network observations","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1224-9_4","article-title":"Global terrestrial gross and net primary productivity from the earth observing system","volume":"3","author":"Running","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Ecosyst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(99)00156-8","article-title":"Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302238","article-title":"Performance of linear and nonlinear two-leaf light use efficiency models at different temporal scales","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002876","article-title":"Global parameterization and validation of a two-leaf light use efficiency model for predicting gross primary production across FLUXNET sites","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.002","article-title":"Performance of a two-leaf light use efficiency model for mapping gross primary productivity against remotely sensed sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence data","volume":"613\u2013614","author":"Zan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-393-2011","article-title":"Solar radiation trend across China in recent decades: A revisit with quality-controlled data","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5807","article-title":"A new perspective on solar dimming over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.024","article-title":"Estimation of gross primary production over the terrestrial ecosystems in China","volume":"261\u2013262","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-015-0736-9","article-title":"Primary estimation of Chinese terrestrial carbon sequestration during 2001\u20132010","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-008-0097-8","article-title":"Comparative study on net productivity of vegetation in China","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB2027","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002274","article-title":"Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from 1982 to 1999 in China","volume":"19","author":"Piao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"413","article-title":"Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.09.021","article-title":"Net primary productivity of China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems from a process model driven by remote sensing","volume":"85","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"97","article-title":"Net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems in China and its equilibrium responses to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02837454","article-title":"The temporal and spatial patterns of terrestrial net primary productivity in China","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00241-0","article-title":"Global dimming: A review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its possible causes and possible agricultural consequences","volume":"107","author":"Stanhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034","article-title":"Atmosphere, aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle","volume":"294","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li., Z., Xia, X., and Cribb, M. (2007). Aerosol optical properties and their radiative effects in northern China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., D22S01.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007382"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00173-9","article-title":"Variation characteristics of atmospheric aerosol optical depths and visibility in North China during 1980\u20131994","volume":"34","author":"Qiu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, M., Tr\u00fcssel, B., and Ohmura, A. (2009). Global dimming and brightening: An update beyond 2000. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011382"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"63","article-title":"Co-existence of a perennial C3 bunchgrass in a C4 dominated grassland: An evaluation of gas exchange characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Hicks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.024","article-title":"Satellite-derived LAI products exhibit large discrepancies and can lead to substantial uncertainty in simulated carbon and water fluxes","volume":"206","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:21:19Z","timestamp":1760178079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]]}}}