{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T18:42:40Z","timestamp":1774723360892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX11AK88G and NNX14AP79A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX11AK88G and NNX14AP79A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellite - North Carolina","award":["Cooperative Agreement NA14NES432003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement NA14NES432003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retrievals of skin Sea-Surface Temperature (SSTskin) from the measurements of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite on the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite are presented and discussed. The algorithms used to derive the SSTskin from the radiometric measurements are given in detail. A number of approaches to assess the accuracy and stability of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) SSTskin retrievals are reported, and factors including latitude and season, and physical processes in the atmosphere and at the surface are discussed. We conclude that the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) VIIRS is capable of matching and improving upon the accuracies of SSTskin from the MODISs on Terra and Aqua, and that the VIIRS SSTskin fields have the potential to contribute to the extension of the satellite-derived Climate Data Records of SST into the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1602752523000},"page":"3369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Skin Sea-Surface Temperature from VIIRS on Suomi-NPP\u2014NASA Continuity Retrievals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Minnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo P.","family":"Podest\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata D.","family":"Szczodrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Izaguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Michael","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Measurements &amp; Research Co., LLC, 214 Euclid Av., Seattle, WA 98122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean W.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Vazquez-Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3463626","article-title":"Touring the atmosphere aboard the A-Train","volume":"63","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, J.J., Gao, W., Kafatos, M., Murphy, R.E., and Salomonson, V.V. (2006). The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite. Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing, Springer. Volume 1: Science and Instruments.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-37294-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00097.1","article-title":"First-Light Imagery from Suomi NPP VIIRS","volume":"94","author":"Hillger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/36.701076","article-title":"An Overview of MODIS Capabilities for Ocean Science Observations","volume":"36","author":"Esaias","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.023","article-title":"A decade of sea surface temperature from MODIS","volume":"165","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00047.1","article-title":"The Concept of Essential Climate Variables in Support of Climate Research, Applications, and Policy","volume":"95","author":"Bojinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, B.N., and Thompson, A. (2008). The International System of Units (SI), National Institute of Standards and Technology. [8th ed.].","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.811e2008"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021<0258:TMIRCA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison: 1. Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets","volume":"21","author":"Rice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-18-0032.1","article-title":"The 2016 CEOS Infrared Radiometer Comparison: Part II: Laboratory Comparison of Radiation Thermometers","volume":"36","author":"Theocharous","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"NRC (2000). Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research: II. Implementation, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (2008). Evaluation of Measurement Data\u2014Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111366","article-title":"Half a century of satellite remote sensing of sea-surface temperature","volume":"233","author":"Minnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2012.04.003","article-title":"A pathway to generating Climate Data Records of sea-surface temperature from satellite measurements","volume":"77\u201380","author":"Minnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417011-7.00021-0","article-title":"Assessment of Long-Term Satellite Derived Sea Surface Temperature Records","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Zibordi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Minnett, P.J., Kilpatrick, K., Szczodrak, G., Izaguirre, M., Luo, B., Jia, C., Proctor, C., Bailey, S.W., Armstrong, E., and Vazquez-Cuervo, J. (2020, January 1\u20134). MODIS Sea-Surface Temperatures: Characteristics of the R2019.0 Reprocessing of the Terra and Aqua Missions. Proceedings of the XXI Science Team Meeting of the Group for High-Resolution Sea-Surface Temperature, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-18-0103.1","article-title":"Alternating Decision Trees for Cloud Masking in MODIS and VIIRS NASA Sea Surface Temperature Products","volume":"36","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-9-1303","article-title":"Satellite Instrument Calibration for Measuring Global Climate Change: Report of a Workshop","volume":"86","author":"Ohring","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC000065","article-title":"Overview of the NOAA\/NASA Pathfinder algorithm for Sea Surface Temperature and associated Matchup Database","volume":"106","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.09.037","article-title":"The accuracy of SST retrievals from AATSR: An initial assessment through geophysical validation against in situ radiometers, buoys and other SST data sets","volume":"37","author":"Corlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barale, V., Gower, J.F.R., and Alberotanza, L. (2010). The Validation of Sea Surface Temperature Retrievals from Spaceborne Infrared Radiometers. Oceanography from Space, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. Revisited.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8681-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ditri, A., Minnett, P., Liu, Y., Kilpatrick, K., and Kumar, A. (2018). The Accuracies of Himawari-8 and MTSAT-2 Sea-Surface Temperatures in the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020212"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Guan, L., Beggs, H., Morgan, N., Kurihara, Y., and Kachi, M. (2020). Comparison of Himawari-8 AHI SST with Shipboard Skin SST Measurements in the Australian Region. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081237"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.028","article-title":"A reprocessing for climate of sea surface temperature from the along-track scanning radiometers: Initial validation, accounting for skin and diurnal variability effects","volume":"116","author":"Embury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-9322(78)90016-2","article-title":"A surface renewal model for interfacial heat and mass transfer in transient two-phase flow","volume":"4","author":"Banerjee","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiph. Flow"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16601","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038986","article-title":"Evidence for complete and partial surface renewal at an air-water interface","volume":"36","author":"Jessup","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1994)024<1339:POTCSO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Parameterization of the cool skin of the ocean and of the air-ocean gas transfer on the basis of modeling surface renewal","volume":"24","author":"Soloviev","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B., and Sands, M. (1963). Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-8-1197","article-title":"The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project","volume":"88","author":"Donlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702963905385","article-title":"Infrared intensities of liquids XX: The intensity of the OH stretching band revisited, and the best current values of the optical constants of H2O (l) at 25 \u00b0C between 15,000 and 1 cm\u22121","volume":"50","author":"Bertie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Robinson, I.S. (2004). Measuring the Oceans from Space: The Principles and Methods of Satellite Oceanography, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soloviev, A.V., and Lukas, R. (2014). The Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean: Structure, Dynamics, and Applications, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7621-0"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1947)004<0102:TONTSO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Temperatures observed near the surface of a fresh water pond at night","volume":"4","author":"Woodcock","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1967)024<0269:TTATOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The temperature at the ocean-air interface","volume":"24","author":"Saunders","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00225865","article-title":"The dependence of the measured cool skin of the ocean on wind stress and total heat flux","volume":"10","author":"Grassl","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1029\/GL002i009p00403","article-title":"Temperature profile in molecular sublayer near the interface of a fluid in turbulent motion","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2483746","article-title":"Retrieval of the Ocean Skin Temperature Profiles From Measurements of Infrared Hyperspectral Radiometers\u2014Part I: Derivation of an Algorithm","volume":"54","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2501425","article-title":"Retrieval of the Ocean Skin Temperature Profiles From Measurements of Infrared Hyperspectral Radiometers\u2014Part II: Field Data Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013351","article-title":"The Response of the Ocean Thermal Skin Layer to Variations in Incident Infrared Radiation","volume":"123","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0353:TIVOSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toward improved validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature measurements for climate research","volume":"15","author":"Donlon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2010.10.024","article-title":"Measurements of the oceanic thermal skin effect","volume":"58","author":"Minnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Cracknell, A.P. (1997). The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Barnes, W.L., and Salomonson, V.V. (2008, January 9). Status of Aqua MODIS Instrument Operation, Calibration, and Performance. Proceedings of the Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XII, Cardiff, Wales, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.799833"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2003.11.001","article-title":"An overview of the SeaWiFS project and strategies for producing a climate research quality global ocean bio-optical time series","volume":"51","author":"McClain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. II"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163650","article-title":"A Decade of Satellite Ocean Color Observations","volume":"1","author":"McClain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran, B., Justice, C.O., and Abrams, M.J. (2011). The Evolution of U.S. Moderate Resolution Optical Land Remote Sensing from AVHRR to VIIRS. Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change: NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System and the Science of ASTER and MODIS, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6749-7"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Salomonson, V.V., Chiang, K.-F., Wu, A., Guenther, B.W., and Barnes, W. (2004, January 8\u201312). On-Orbit Characterization of RVS for MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands. Proceedings of the Passive Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds IV, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.578344"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00085-8","article-title":"Achieving sub-pixel geolocation accuracy in support of MODIS land science","volume":"83","author":"Wolfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfe, R.E., Lin, G., Nishihama, M., Tewari, K.P., Tilton, J.C., and Isaacman, A.R. (2013). Suomi NPP VIIRS prelaunch and on-orbit geometric calibration and characterization. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50873"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Butler, J., Wu, A., Chiang, K.V., Efremova, B., Madhavan, S., McIntire, J., and Oudrari, H. (2012, January 19). Comparison of MODIS and VIIRS Onboard Blackbody Performance. Proceedings of the SPIE 8533, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVI, 853318, Edinburg, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.977560"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417011-7.00008-8","article-title":"Postlaunch Calibration and Stability: Thermal Infrared Satellite Radiometers","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Zibordi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2004.05.058","article-title":"Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: A summary of the AER codes","volume":"91","author":"Clough","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013","article-title":"The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"110","author":"Rothman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"25p","article-title":"Overview of NASA Earth Observing Systems Terra and Aqua moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer instrument calibration algorithms and on-orbit performance","volume":"3","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020423","article-title":"VIIRS on-orbit calibration methodology and performance","volume":"119","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.923320","article-title":"Creating Proxy VIIRS Data From MODIS: Spectral Transformations for Mid- and Thermal-Infrared Bands","volume":"46","author":"Vogel","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5761","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.796102","article-title":"VIIRS constant spatial-resolution advantages","volume":"34","author":"Schueler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladkova, I., Ignatov, A., Shahriar, F., Kihai, Y., Hillger, D., and Petrenko, B. (2016). Improved VIIRS and MODIS SST Imagery. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010079"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1824.1","article-title":"Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature","volume":"20","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8221","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00293.1","article-title":"A 1\/4\u00b0-Spatial-Resolution Daily Sea Surface Temperature Climatology Based on a Blended Satellite and in situ Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Banzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-8-165-2016","article-title":"A long-term record of blended satellite and in situ sea-surface temperature for climate monitoring, modeling and environmental studies","volume":"8","author":"Banzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1994)007<0929:IGSSTA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Improved global sea surface temperature analysis using optimum interpolation","volume":"7","author":"Reynolds","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"C08017","article-title":"Radiometric measurements of ocean surface thermal variability","volume":"113","author":"Gentemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"C02005","article-title":"Near-Surface Ocean Temperature","volume":"111","author":"Ward","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.319","article-title":"The impact of satellite retrievals in a global sea-surface-temperature analysis","volume":"134","author":"Brasnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Liu, C., Freeman, E., Kent, E.C., Huang, B., Zhang, H.M., Berry, D.I., Worley, S.J., Ouellet, M., Gaboury, I., and Li, Z. (2019, January 6\u201310). ICOADS Drifting Buoy Data Recovery from BUFR and Its Impact on the OISST and ERSST. Proceedings of the American Meteorological Society 99th annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8703","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC01751","article-title":"A well-calibrated ocean algorithm for SSM\/I","volume":"102","author":"Wentz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilburn, K., Gentemann, C., Brewer, M., Ricciardulli, L., and Wentz, F. (2014, January 24\u201327). RFI detection and mitigation for AMSR-E ocean retrievals. Proceedings of the 13th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing of the Environment, Pasadena, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MicroRad.2014.6878901"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010574","article-title":"In situ validation of sea surface temperatures from the GCOM-W1 AMSR2 RSS calibrated brightness temperatures","volume":"120","author":"Gentemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Minnett, P.J., and Kaiser-Weiss, A.K. (2012). Group for High Resolution Sea-Surface Temperature Discussion Document: Near-Surface Oceanic Temperature Gradients, Group for High Resolution Sea-Surface Temperature Project Office, University of Reading."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Gentemann, C.L. (2011, January 24\u201328). Microwave Sea Surface Temperatures for Climate. Proceedings of the WCRP Open Science Conference \u201cClimate Research in Service to Society\u201d, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.836867","article-title":"The WindSat spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer: Sensor description and early orbit performance","volume":"42","author":"Gaiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18475","DOI":"10.1029\/91JC01816","article-title":"Consequences of sea surface temperature variability on the validation and applications of satellite measurements","volume":"96","author":"Minnett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00121.1","article-title":"In situ SST Quality Monitor (iQuam)","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHO542.1","article-title":"Three-Way Error Analysis between AATSR, AMSR-E, and In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Observations","volume":"25","author":"Eyre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009716","article-title":"Three way validation of MODIS and AMSR-E sea surface temperatures","volume":"119","author":"Gentemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, F., and Ignatov, A. (2016). Error characterization in iQuam SSTs using triple collocations with satellite measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070287"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0994:TMAERI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a high-accuracy, sea-going infrared spectroradiometer","volume":"18","author":"Minnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHO505.1","article-title":"An Infrared Sea Surface Temperature Autonomous Radiometer (ISAR) for Deployment aboard Volunteer Observing Ships (VOS)","volume":"25","author":"Donlon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, E.R., and Teixeira, J. (2015). Dispelling clouds of uncertainty. EOS, 96.","DOI":"10.1029\/2015EO031303"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00320.1","article-title":"Clouds, Precipitation, and Marine Boundary Layer Structure during the MAGIC Field Campaign","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6943.1552","article-title":"Diagnostic tests. 1: Sensitivity and specificity","volume":"308","author":"Altman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.026","article-title":"Sampling errors in satellite-derived infrared sea-surface temperatures. Part I: Global and regional MODIS fields","volume":"177","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.011","article-title":"Sampling errors in satellite-derived infrared sea-surface temperatures. Part II: Sensitivity and parameterization","volume":"198","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Freund, Y., and Mason, L. (1999, January 27\u201330). The alternating decision tree learning algorithm. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, Bled, Slovenia."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfahringer, B., Holmes, G., and Kirkby, R. (2001, January 16\u201318). Optimizing the Induction of Alternating Decision Trees. Proceedings of the Fifth Pacific-Asia Conference on Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45357-1_50"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27999","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02370","article-title":"The development and operational application of nonlinear algorithms for the measurement of sea surface temperatures with the NOAA polar-orbiting environmental satellites","volume":"103","author":"Walton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-008-0012-6","article-title":"Empirical relationship between sea surface temperature and water vapor: Improvement of the physical model with remote sensing derived data","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Parkinson, C., Ward, A., and King, M. (2006). Earth science reference handbook: A guide to NASA\u2019s earth science program and earth observing satellite missions. Natl. Aeronaut. Space Adm., 72."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.64","article-title":"The GODAE High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project","volume":"22","author":"Donlon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"GHRSST (2012). The Recommended GHRSST Data Specification (GDS) 2.0, Revision 5, Group for High Resolution Sea-Surface Temperature, Group for High Resolution Sea-Surface Temperature Project Office, University of Reading."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00097-4","article-title":"On-orbit performance of the Earth Observing System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; first year of data","volume":"83","author":"Guenther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00035.1","article-title":"Adaptive Reduction of Striping for Improved Sea Surface Temperature Imagery from Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)","volume":"31","author":"Bouali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efremova, B., McIntire, J., Moyer, D., Wu, A., and Xiong, X. (2014). S-NPP VIIRS thermal emissive bands on-orbit calibration and performance. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119.","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022078"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)90540-0","article-title":"Use of TOMS data to correct the Saharan dust effects on SST retrievals from satellite","volume":"32","author":"Arbelo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.002","article-title":"Sensitivity of infrared sea surface temperature retrievals to the vertical distribution of airborne dust aerosol","volume":"159","author":"Bogdanoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.009","article-title":"Improving satellite retrieved night-time infrared sea surface temperatures in aerosol contaminated regions","volume":"223","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.010","article-title":"The effects of anomalous atmospheres on the accuracy of infrared sea-surface temperature retrievals: Dry air layer intrusions over the tropical ocean","volume":"140","author":"Szczodrak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"D20108","article-title":"African dry air outbreaks","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-016-0798-9","article-title":"Comparison of WindSat and buoy-measured ocean products from 2004 to 2013","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, K.A., Minnett, P.J., Podesta, G.P., Willams, E., and Walsh, S. (2015, January 18). Exploring the time and space differences between the sea surface temperature records from multiple satellite based IR and microwave sensors. Do we have a consistent record across scales of 1km to regional and global images?. Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.020","article-title":"A reprocessing for climate of sea surface temperature from the along-track scanning radiometers: A new retrieval scheme","volume":"116","author":"Embury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000095880","article-title":"Radiometric measurements of the sea-surface skin temperature\u2014the competing roles of the diurnal thermocline and the cool skin","volume":"24","author":"Minnett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.44.000838","article-title":"Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the sun\u2019s glitter","volume":"44","author":"Cox","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.000398","article-title":"Infrared-emissivity measurements of a wind-roughened sea surface","volume":"44","author":"Hanafin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.003701","article-title":"Emissivity and reflection model for calculating unpolarized isotropic water surface-leaving radiance in the infrared. I: Theoretical development and calculations","volume":"47","author":"Nalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.004649","article-title":"Emissivity and reflection model for calculating unpolarized isotropic water surface-leaving radiance in the infrared. 2: Validation using Fourier transform spectrometers","volume":"47","author":"Nalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112094","article-title":"High Latitude Sea Surface Temperatures Derived from MODIS Infrared Measurements","volume":"251","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1117\/12.560907","article-title":"IASI instrument: Technical overview and measured performances","volume":"Volume 5543","author":"Blumstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XII"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2012.02.028","article-title":"IASI on Metop-A: Operational Level 2 retrievals after five years in orbit","volume":"113","author":"August","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, A., and Xiong, X. (2016). Inter-Comparison of S-NPP VIIRS and Aqua MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands Using Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder Measurements as a Transfer Reference. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010072"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.04.008","article-title":"SeaWiFS data to detect AVHRR-derived SST affected by aerosols","volume":"36","author":"Arbelo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.040","article-title":"Correction of AVHRR Pathfinder SST data for volcanic aerosol effects using ATSR SSTs and TOMS aerosol optical depth","volume":"116","author":"Blackmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2565722","article-title":"A Deterministic Method for Profile Retrievals From Hyperspectral Satellite Measurements","volume":"54","author":"Koner","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00420","article-title":"Observational Needs of Sea Surface Temperature","volume":"6","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Ikeda, M., and Dobson, F. (1995). Sea surface temperature measurements from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer on ERS-1. Oceanographic Applications of Remote Sensing, CRC Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22575","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC01758","article-title":"Sea-surface temperature measurements by the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) on ESA\u2019s ERS-1 Satellite\u2014Early results","volume":"99","author":"Mutlow","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.002","article-title":"The Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and its predecessors ATSR-1 and ATSR-2: An introduction to the special issue","volume":"116","author":"Remedios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"11","article-title":"AATSR: Global-change and surface-temperature measurements from Envisat","volume":"105","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"ESA Bull."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Louet, J., and Bruzzi, S. (July, January 28). ENVISAT mission and system. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS\u201999 (Cat. No.99CH36293), Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"26","article-title":"The Envisat satellite and its integration","volume":"106","author":"Dubock","year":"2001","journal-title":"ESA Bull."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2010.503010","article-title":"SLSTR: A high accuracy dual scan temperature radiometer for sea and land surface monitoring from space","volume":"57","author":"Coppo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.024","article-title":"The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Sentinel-3 mission","volume":"120","author":"Donlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"C12013","article-title":"A 20 year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along Track Scanning Radiometers","volume":"117","author":"Merchant","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00254.1","article-title":"The ESA Climate Change Initiative: Satellite Data Records for Essential Climate Variables","volume":"94","author":"Hollmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0236-x","article-title":"Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications","volume":"6","author":"Merchant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.05.15","article-title":"Probabilistic physically based cloud screening of satellite infrared imagery for operational sea surface temperature retrieval","volume":"131","author":"Merchant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.011","article-title":"Optimal estimation of sea surface temperature from split-window observations","volume":"112","author":"Merchant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, S.A. (2014). Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139094368"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, I.S. (2010). Discovering the Ocean from Space, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68322-3"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:21:57Z","timestamp":1760178117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]}}}