{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:24:14Z","timestamp":1777472654370,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-19-00172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-19-00172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the mission science plan of EPS\/Metop-SG C-band scatterometer for 2023\u20132044, we consider the potential application of the sea ice\/water discrimination method based on the minimum statistical distance of the measured normalized radar cross sections (NRCS) to the geophysical model functions (GMF) of the sea ice and water, respectively. The application of the method is considered for the classical spacecraft scatterometer geometry with three fixed fan-beam antennas and the hypothetical prospective scatterometer geometry with the five fixed fan-beam antennas. Joint vertical (VV) and horizontal (HH) transmit and receive polarization are considered for the spaceborne scatterometer geometries. We show explicitly that the hypothetical five fixed fan-beam antenna geometry combined with the dual VV and HH polarization for all antennas provides better estimates of the sea wind speed and direction as well as sea ice\/water discrimination during single spacecraft pass. The sea ice\/water discrimination algorithms developed for each scatterometer geometry and dual VV\/HH polarization are presented. The obtained results can be used to optimize the design of new spaceborne scatterometers and will be beneficial to the forthcoming satellite missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1602838608000},"page":"3382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Towards the Sea Ice and Wind Measurement by a C-Band Scatterometer at Dual VV\/HH Polarization: A Prospective Appraisal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Nekrasov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Engineering Systems, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, Professora Popova 5, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Computer Technologies and Information Security, Southern Federal University, Chekhova 2, Taganrog 347922, Russia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Letn\u00e1 9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5200-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alena","family":"Khachaturian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Engineering Systems, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, Professora Popova 5, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Labun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Aeronautics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Rampov\u00e1 7, 04121 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavol","family":"Kurdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Aeronautics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Rampov\u00e1 7, 04121 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0356-5651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Bogachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Engineering Systems, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, Professora Popova 5, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannessen, O.M., Bobylev, L.P., Shalina, E.V., and Sandven, S. (2020). Sea Ice in the Arctic: Past, Present and Future, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21301-5"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). Northern Sea Route. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Sea_Route."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). Northeast Passage. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northeast_Passage."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). Northwest Passage. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northwest_Passage."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njoku, E.G. (2014). Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-36699-9"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lubin, D., and Massom, R. (2006). Polar Remote Sensing, Volume I: Atmosphere and Oceans, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Massom, R., and Lubin, D. (2006). Polar Remote Sensing, Volume II: Ice Sheets, Springer."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4kynen, M., Haapala, J., Aulicino, G., Balan-Sarojini, B., Balmaseda, M., Gegiuc, A., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Hendricks, S., Heygster, G., and Istomina, L. (2020). Satellite observations for detecting and forecasting sea-ice conditions: A summary of advances made in the SPICES project by the EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 programme. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071214"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer, H.J. (2002). Observation of the Earth and its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors, Springer. [4th ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/extras.springer.com\/Zip\/2002\/978-3-642-62688-3.zip.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56294-5"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2101608","article-title":"New Bayesian algorithm for sea ice detection with QuikSCAT","volume":"49","author":"Rivas","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895419","article-title":"Use of enhanced-resolution QuikSCAT\/seawinds data for operational ice services and climate research: Sea ice edge, type, concentration, and drift","volume":"45","author":"Haarpaintner","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003193","article-title":"Application of a SeaWinds\/QuikSCAT sea ice melt algorithm for assessing melt dynamics in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago","volume":"111","author":"Howell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031138","article-title":"Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice","volume":"34","author":"Nghiem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2629418","article-title":"Polar applications of spaceborne scatterometers","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Zhao, C., Zhao, Y., Wang, L., and Shi, Z. (2016). Polar sea ice monitoring using HY-2A scatterometer measurements. Remote. Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080688"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.800442","article-title":"Validation of sea ice motion from QuikSCAT with those from SSM\/I and buoy","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2452215","article-title":"Multiyear Arctic sea ice classification using OSCAT and QuikSCAT","volume":"54","author":"Lindell","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). Gap Analyses by Wind Vector (Near Surface). Available online: https:\/\/www.wmo-sat.info\/oscar\/gapanalyses?variable=183."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). Gap Analyses by Sea-Ice Type. Available online: https:\/\/www.wmo-sat.info\/oscar\/gapanalyses?variable=139."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"EPS\/Metop-SG Scatterometer Mission Science Plan (2020, September 26). A Report from the ESA\/EUMETSAT Scatterometer Science Advisory Group, Version 1.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.eumetsat.int\/website\/wcm\/idc\/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PDF_SCIENCE_EPSSG_SCA_PLAN&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&Rendition=WebJ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). EUMETSAT Polar System\u2014Second Generation. Available online: https:\/\/www.eumetsat.int\/website\/home\/Satellites\/FutureSatellites\/EUMETSATPolarSystemSecondGeneration\/index.html#launch."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, September 26). SCA. Available online: https:\/\/www.eumetsat.int\/website\/home\/Satellites\/FutureSatellites\/EUMETSATPolarSystemSecondGeneration\/SCA\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2696424","article-title":"Scientific developments and the EPS-SG scatterometer","volume":"10","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00443","article-title":"Remotely sensed winds and wind stresses for marine forecasting and ocean modeling","volume":"6","author":"Bourassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A., Khachaturian, A., Abramov, E., Markelov, O., and Bogachev, M. (2019). On sea ice measurement by a C-band scatterometer at VV polarization: Methodology optimization based on computer simulations. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212518"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T., and Long, D.G. (2014). Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing, University Michigan Press.","DOI":"10.3998\/0472119356"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-2941-2018","article-title":"A scatterometer record of sea ice extents and backscatter: 1992\u20132016","volume":"12","author":"Rivas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Caveni\u00e9, A., Gohin, F., Quilfen, Y., and Lecomte, P. (1993, January 11\u201314). Identification of Sea Ice Zones Using AMI wind: Physical Bases and Applications to the FDP and CERSAT Processing Chains. Proceedings of the Second ERS-1 Symposium, Hamburg, Germany. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/documents\/10174\/1589798\/ESA04+vol2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954537","article-title":"Some active and passive microwave signatures of Antarctic sea ice from mid-winter to spring 1991","volume":"16","author":"Gohin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2182356","article-title":"Bayesian sea ice detection with the advanced acatterometer ASCAT","volume":"50","author":"Rivas","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.842017","article-title":"Sea ice mapping method for SeaWinds","volume":"43","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2777670","article-title":"Bayesian sea ice detection with the ERS scatterometer and sea ice backscatter model at C-band","volume":"56","author":"Otosaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10447","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2928720","article-title":"Errata for \u201cBayesian sea ice detection with the ERS scatterometer and sea ice backscatter model at C-band\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Otosaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2020, April 28). CMOD7. Available online: http:\/\/projects.knmi.nl\/scatterometer\/cmod7."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1053-2013","article-title":"On the characteristics of ASCAT wind direction ambiguities","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Li, X.-M., Feng, Q., Ren, Y., and Shi, Y. (2019). Retrieval of sea surface wind speeds from Gaofen-3 full polarimetric data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201902.0185.v1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A., Khachaturian, A., Abramov, E., Popov, D., Markelov, O., Obukhovets, V., Veremyev, V., and Bogachev, M. (2018). Optimization of airborne antenna geometry for ocean surface scatterometric measurements. Remote. Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101501"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Nekrassov, A. (1997, January 6\u20139). Measurement of Sea Surface Wind Speed and Its Navigational Direction from Flying Apparatus. Proceedings of the MTS\/IEEE Conference Oceans\u201997, Halifax, NS, Canada."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.1.137","article-title":"FM-CW millimeter wave demonstrator system as a sensor of the sea surface wind vector","volume":"1","author":"Nekrasov","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A. (2005, January 9\u201312). On Possibility to Measure the Sea Surface Wind Vector by the Doppler Navigation System of Flying Apparatus. Proceedings of the IEEE International Radar Conference RADAR 2005, Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A. (2005, January 4\u20137). Measuring the Sea Surface Wind Vector by the Doppler Navigation System of Flying Apparatus Having the Track-Stabilized Four-Beam Antenna. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference APMC 2005, Suzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A. (2013, January 19\u201321). Water-Surface Wind Vector Estimation by an Airborne Weather Radar Having a Medium-Size Scanning Sector. Proceedings of the 14th International Radar Symposium IRS 2013, Dresden, Germany. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6581724."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A., and Popov, D. (2015, January 24\u201326). A Concept for Measuring the Water-Surface Backscattering Signature by Airborne Weather Radar. Proceedings of the 16th International Radar Symposium IRS 2015, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRS.2015.7226252"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A., Khachaturian, A., Veremyev, V., and Bogachev, M. (2016). Sea surface wind measurement by airborne weather radar scanning in a wide-size sector. Atmosphere, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos7050072"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2016.2613840","article-title":"Airborne Weather Radar: A theoretical approach for water-surface backscattering and wind measurements","volume":"16","author":"Nekrasov","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.17818\/NM\/2016\/4.5","article-title":"Airborne weather radar concept for measuring water surface backscattering signature and sea wind at circular flight","volume":"63","author":"Nekrasov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nase More"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A., Khachaturian, A., Veremyev, V., and Bogachev, M. (2017). Doppler navigation system with a non-stabilized antenna as a sea-surface wind sensor. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061340"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrasov, A., Khachaturian, A., Gamcov\u00e1, M., Kurdel, P., Obukhovets, V., Veremyev, V., and Bogachev, M. (2017). Sea wind measurement by Doppler navigation system with X-configured beams in rectilinear flight. Remote. Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090887"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120916","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006617","article-title":"On sea ice\/water discrimination by airborne weather radar","volume":"8","author":"Nekrasov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nekrassov, A. (2000, January 15\u201318). An Algorithm for Measurement of the Ocean Wind Vector by a Spaceborne Scatterometer. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation, and EM Theory ISAPE 2000, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISAPE.2000.894736"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T., Moore, R.K., and Fung, A.K. (1982). Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.843951","article-title":"Dual-polarization measurements at C-band over the ocean: Results from airborne radar observations and comparison with ENVISAT ASAR data","volume":"43","author":"Mouche","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2905578","article-title":"A geophysical model function for wind speed retrieval from C-band HH-polarized synthetic aperture radar","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003743","article-title":"An improved C-band scatterometer ocean geophysical model function: CMOD5","volume":"112","author":"Hersbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3382\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:22:14Z","timestamp":1760178134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/20\/3382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12203382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12203382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]}}}