{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:52:15Z","timestamp":1776091935895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacial lake formations are currently being observed in the majority of glacierized mountains in the world. Given the ongoing climate change and population increase, studying glacier ice thickness and bed topography is a necessity for understanding the erosive power of glacier activity in the past and lake formation in the future. This study uses the available information to predict potential sites for future lake formation in the Upper Rh\u00f4ne catchment located in the Southwestern Swiss Alps. The study integrates the latest available glacier outlines and high-quality digital elevation models (DEMs) into the Volume and Topography Automation (VOLTA) model to estimate ice thickness within the extent of the glaciers. Unlike the previous ice thickness models, VOLTA calculates ice thickness distribution based on automatically-derived centerlines, while optimizing the model by including the valley side drag parameter in the force equation. In this study, a total ice volume of 37.17 \u00b1 12.26 km3 (1\u03c3) was estimated for the Upper Rh\u00f4ne catchment. The comparison of VOLTA performance indicates a stronger relationship between measured and predicted bedrock, confirming the less variability in VOLTA\u2019s results (r2 \u2248 0.92) than Glacier Bed Topography (GlabTop) (r2 \u2248 0.82). Overall, the mean percentage of ice thickness error for all measured profiles in the Upper Rh\u00f4ne catchment is around \u00b122%, of which 28 out of 42 glaciers are underestimated. By incorporating the vertical accuracy of free-ice DEM, we could identify 171 overdeepenings. Among them, 100 sites have a high potential for future lake formation based on four morphological criteria. The visual evaluation of deglaciated areas also supports the robustness of the presented methodology, as 11 water bodies were already formed within the predicted overdeepenings. In the wake of changing global climate, such results highlight the importance of combined datasets and parameters for projecting the future glacial landscapes. The timely information on future glacial lake formation can equip planners with essential knowledge, not only for managing water resources and hazards, but also for understanding glacier dynamics, catchment ecology, and landscape evolution of high-mountain regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T09:28:23Z","timestamp":1603186103000},"page":"3443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Glacier Ice Thickness Estimation and Future Lake Formation in Swiss Southwestern Alps\u2014The Upper Rh\u00f4ne Catchment: A VOLTA Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7912-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeideh","family":"Gharehchahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Geosciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-4688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William H. M.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2502-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshuman","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King\u2019s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5296-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L. R.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3181-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Sam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King\u2019s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Ballinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-3836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.20937\/ATM.2015.28.02.04","article-title":"Climate Variations in a High-Altitude Alpine Basin and Their Effects on a Glacial Environment (Italian Western Alps)","volume":"28","author":"Giaccone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atm\u00f3sfera"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., P\u00e9an, C., and Pidcock, R. 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