{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T22:25:16Z","timestamp":1772231116715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Land Cover Land Use Change","award":["NNH16ZDA001N-LCLUC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNH16ZDA001N-LCLUC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing availability of very-high resolution (VHR; &lt;2 m) imagery has the potential to enable agricultural monitoring at increased resolution and cadence, particularly when used in combination with widely available moderate-resolution imagery. However, scaling limitations exist at the regional level due to big data volumes and processing constraints. Here, we demonstrate the Fusion Approach for Remotely-Sensed Mapping of Agriculture (FARMA), using a suite of open source software capable of efficiently characterizing time-series field-scale statistics across large geographical areas at VHR resolution. We provide distinct implementation examples in Vietnam and Senegal to demonstrate the approach using WorldView VHR optical, Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar, and Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 optical imagery. This distributed software is open source and entirely scalable, enabling large area mapping even with modest computing power. FARMA provides the ability to extract and monitor sub-hectare fields with multisensor raster signals, which previously could only be achieved at scale with large computational resources. Implementing FARMA could enhance predictive yield models by delineating boundaries and tracking productivity of smallholder fields, enabling more precise food security observations in low and lower-middle income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"3459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fusion Approach for Remotely-Sensed Mapping of Agriculture (FARMA): A Scalable Open Source Method for Land Cover Monitoring Using Data Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7808-6444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"Biospheric Sciences, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher S. R.","family":"Neigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biospheric Sciences, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark L.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Information Sciences and Technology Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3333-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"McCarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Bunting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/19390450802495882","article-title":"The impact of climate change on agriculture in developing countries","volume":"1","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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