{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T22:46:43Z","timestamp":1769208403956,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the performance and characteristics of the advanced cloud nucleation scheme of Fountoukis and Nenes, embedded in the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting\/Chemistry (WRF\/Chem) model, are investigated. Furthermore, the impact of dust particles on the distribution of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the way they modify the pattern of the precipitation are also examined. For the simulation of dust particle concentration, the Georgia Tech Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport of Air Force Weather Agency (GOCART-AFWA) is used as it includes components for the representation of dust emission and transport. The aerosol activation parameterization scheme of Fountoukis and Nenes has been implemented in the six-class WRF double-moment (WDM6) microphysics scheme, which treats the CCN distribution as a prognostic variable, but does not take into account the concentration of dust aerosols. Additionally, the presence of dust particles that may facilitate the activation of CCN into cloud or rain droplets has also been incorporated in the cumulus scheme of Grell and Freitas. The embedded scheme is assessed through a case study of significant dust advection over the Western Mediterranean, characterized by severe rainfall. Inclusion of CCN based on prognostic dust particles leads to the suppression of precipitation over hazy areas. On the contrary, precipitation is enhanced over areas away from the dust event. The new prognostic CCN distribution improves in general the forecasting skill of the model as bias scores, the root mean square error (RMSE), false alarm ratio (FAR) and frequencies of missed forecasts (FOM) are limited when modelled data are compared against satellite, LIDAR and aircraft observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"3473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing Desert Dust Indirect Effects on Cloud Microphysics through a Cloud Nucleation Scheme: A Case Study over the Western Mediterranean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsarpalis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou Str. 70, GR-17671 Kallithea, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Katsafados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, El. Venizelou Str. 70, GR-17671 Kallithea, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4441-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Center of Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens\u2013Sounion Ave., GR-19013 Anavissos Attikis, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Mihalopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Crete, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Metaxa &amp; Vas. Pavlou, GR-15236 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1126\/science.232.4758.1620","article-title":"Internal Mixture of Sea Salt, Silicates, and Excess Sulfate in Marine Aerosols","volume":"232","author":"Andreae","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO480002","article-title":"Quantifying Mineral Dust Mass Budgets: Terminology, Constraints, and Current Estimates","volume":"85","author":"Zender","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7867","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-7867-2009","article-title":"Patterns of North African Dust Transport over the Atlantic: Winter vs. Summer, Based on CALIPSO First Year Data","volume":"9","author":"Koren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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