{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:53:05Z","timestamp":1781502785293,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Israel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6-6802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-6802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Israel","award":["31-01-0013, 31-01-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31-01-0013, 31-01-0010"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Wine Grape Council","award":["20-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Daily or weekly irrigation monitoring conducted per sub-field or management zone is an important factor in vine irrigation decision-making. The objective is to determine the crop coefficient (Kc) and the leaf area index (LAI). Since the 1990s, optic satellite imagery has been utilized for this purpose, yet cloud-cover, as well as the desire to increase the temporal resolution, raise the need to integrate more imagery sources. The Sentinel-1 (a C-band synthetic aperture radar\u2014SAR) can solve both issues, but its accuracy for LAI and Kc mapping needs to be determined. The goals of this study were as follows: (1) to test different methods for integrating SAR and optic sensors for increasing temporal resolution and creating seamless time-series of LAI and Kc estimations; and (2) to evaluate the ability of Sentinel-1 to estimate LAI and Kc in comparison to Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8. LAI values were collected at two vineyards, over three (north plot) and four (south plot) growing seasons. These values were converted to Kc, and both parameters were tested against optic and SAR indices. The results present the two Sentinel-1 indices that achieved the best accuracy in estimating the crop parameters and the best method for fusing the optic and the SAR data. Utilizing these achievements, the accuracy of the Kc and LAI estimations from Sentinel-1 were slightly better than the Sentinel-2\u2032s and the Landsat-8\u2032s accuracy. The integration of all three sensors into one seamless time-series not only increases the temporal resolution but also improves the overall accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1603399860000},"page":"3478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Kc and LAI Estimations Using Optical and SAR Remote Sensing Imagery for Vineyards Plots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ofer","family":"Beeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Agriculture Team, Manna-Irrigation, Gvat 3657900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3142-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yishai","family":"Netzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Oenology, Eastern R&amp;D Center, Ariel 4077625, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarel","family":"Munitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Oenology, Eastern R&amp;D Center, Ariel 4077625, Israel"},{"name":"Carmel Winery, Derech HaYekev 2, Zikhron Ya\u2019akov 3095000, Israel"},{"name":"The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle Ferman","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Oenology, Eastern R&amp;D Center, Ariel 4077625, Israel"},{"name":"The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel"},{"name":"Saturas\u2014Decision Support System for Precision Irrigation, 1 Hataasia St., Migdal Haemek 2307037, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Pelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Agriculture Team, Manna-Irrigation, Gvat 3657900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Shilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Agriculture Team, Manna-Irrigation, Gvat 3657900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Horesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Agriculture Team, Manna-Irrigation, Gvat 3657900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Mey-tal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Agriculture Team, Manna-Irrigation, Gvat 3657900, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. 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