{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:09:23Z","timestamp":1761664163908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AO\/1-9101\/17\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AO\/1-9101\/17\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reprocessing of the satellite gravitational gradiometry (SGG) data from the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite mission in 2018\/2019 considerably reduced the low-frequency noise in the data, leading to reduced noise amplitudes in derived gravity field models at large spatial scales, at which temporal variations of the Earth\u2019s gravity field have their highest amplitudes. This is the motivation to test the reprocessed GOCE SGG data for their ability to resolve time-variable gravity signals. For the gravity field processing, we apply and compare a spherical harmonics (SH) approach and a mass concentration (mascon) approach. Although their global signal-to-noise ratio is &lt;1, SH GOCE SGG-only models resolve the strong regional signals of glacier melting in Greenland and Antarctica, and the 2011 moment magnitude 9.0 earthquake in Japan, providing an estimation of gravity variations independent of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data. The benefit of combined GRACE\/GOCE SGG models is evaluated based on the ice mass trend signals in Greenland and Antarctica. While no signal contribution from GOCE SGG data additional to the GRACE models could be observed, we show that the incorporation of GOCE SGG data numerically stabilizes the related normal equation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T08:59:28Z","timestamp":1603443568000},"page":"3483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporal Gravity Signals in Reprocessed GOCE Gravitational Gradients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-9508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betty","family":"Heller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5195-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Siegismund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Pail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Astronomical and Physical Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstra\u00dfe 21, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Haagmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1333-7_36","article-title":"GOCE: ESA\u2019s First Earth Explorer Core Mission","volume":"Volume 108","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Space Sciences Series of ISSI"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rummel, R., and Freeden, W. (2017). Globale Schwerefeldmodellierung am Beispiel von GOCE. Erdmessung und Satellitengeod\u00e4sie, Springer. Chapter 5.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47100-5"},{"unstructured":"Drinkwater, M.R., Haagmans, R., Muzi, D., Popescu, A., Floberghagen, R., Kern, M., and Fehringer, M. (2007, January 6\u20138). The GOCE gravity mission: ESA\u2019s first core explorer. Proceedings of the 3rd International GOCE User Workshop, Rome, Italy.","key":"ref_3"},{"unstructured":"Brockmann, J.M., Schubert, T., and Schuh, W.D. (2020). An Improved Model of the Earth\u2019s Gravity Field as Seen by the GOCE Satellite\u2014The GO_CONS_EGM_TIM_RL06 Solution Computed with the Time-Wise Approach Based on Reprocessed Level 1B Products. J. Geod., in review.","key":"ref_4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapley, B.D., Bettadpur, S., Watkins, M., and Reigber, C. (2004). The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","key":"ref_5","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019920"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-007-0143-3","article-title":"Approximate decorrelation and non-isotropic smoothing of time-variable GRACE-type gravity field models","volume":"81","author":"Kusche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4","article-title":"GOCE data, models, and applications: A review","volume":"35","author":"Pail","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"unstructured":"Mayer-G\u00fcrr, T., Behzadpur, S., Ellmer, M., Kvas, A., Klinger, B., Strasser, S., and Zehentner, N. (2019, October 10). ITSG-Grace2018\u2014Monthly, Daily and Static Gravity Field Solutions from GRACE. Available online: https:\/\/dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de\/icgem\/showshort.php?id=escidoc:3600910.","key":"ref_8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvas, A., Mayer-G\u00fcrr, T., Krauss, S., Brockmann, J.M., Schubert, T., Schuh, W.D., Pail, R., Gruber, T., J\u00e4ggi, A., and Meyer, U. (2020, March 30). The Satellite-Only Gravity Field Model GOCO06s. Available online: https:\/\/dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de\/icgem\/showshort.php?id=escidoc:4081892.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2020-192"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingerle, P., Pail, R., Gruber, T., and Oikonomidou, X. (2020). The combined global gravity field model XGM2019e. J. Geod., 94.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-020-01398-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5712","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50381","article-title":"Observing coseismic gravity change from the Japan Tohoku-Oki 2011 earthquake with GOCE gravity gradiometry","volume":"118","author":"Fuchs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5919","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060637","article-title":"Antarctic outlet glacier mass change resolved at basin scale from satellite gravity gradiometry","volume":"41","author":"Bouman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rexer, M., Pail, R., Fecher, T., and Meyer, U. (2014). Time Variable Gravity: Contributions of GOCE Satellite Data to Monthly and Bi-monthly GRACE Gravity Field Estimates. Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems, Springer.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10837-7_5"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-013-0674-8","article-title":"Assessment of the added value of data from the GOCE satellite mission to time-varying gravity field modelling","volume":"88","author":"Farahani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"unstructured":"Peterseim, N., Schlicht, A., Stummer, C., and Yi, W. (April, January 31). Impact of cross winds in polar regions on GOCE accelerometer and gradiometer data. Proceedings of the 4th International GOCE User Workshop, Munich, Germany.","key":"ref_15"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0545-8","article-title":"Monitoring GOCE gradiometer calibration parameters using accelerometer and star sensor data: Methodology and first results","volume":"86","author":"Siemes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-017-1042-x","article-title":"Improving GOCE cross-track gravity gradients","volume":"92","author":"Siemes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siemes, C., Rexer, M., Schlicht, A., and Haagmans, R. (2019). GOCE gradiometer data calibration. J. Geod.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01271-9"},{"unstructured":"Mayer-G\u00fcrr, T., Rieser, D., H\u00f6ck, E., Brockmann, J., Schuh, W.D., Krasbutter, I., Kusche, J., Maier, A., Krauss, S., and Hausleitner, W. (2012, January 9\u201312). The new combined satellite only model GOCO03s. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems (GGHS 2012), Venice, Italy.","key":"ref_19"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011547","article-title":"Improved methods for observing Earth\u2019s time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons","volume":"120","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019344","article-title":"Quantifying and reducing leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution","volume":"52","author":"Wiese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0467-x","article-title":"First GOCE gravity field models derived by three different approaches","volume":"85","author":"Pail","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"unstructured":"Siemes, C. (2008). Digital Filtering Algorithms for Decorrelation within Large Least Squares Problems. [Ph.D. Thesis, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn].","key":"ref_23"},{"unstructured":"Wiese, D.N., Yuan, D.N., Boening, C., Landerer, F.W., and Watkins, M.M. (2020, April 07). JPL GRACE and GRACE-FO Mascon Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height Coastal Resolution Improvement (CRI) Filtered Release 06 Version 02, 2019, Available online: https:\/\/podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\/dataset\/TELLUS_GRAC-GRFO_MASCON_CRI_GRID_RL06_V2.","key":"ref_24"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-012-1149-8","article-title":"Impact of GOCE Level 1b data reprocessing on GOCE-only and combined gravity field models","volume":"57","author":"Pail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studia Geophys. Geod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9332","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB017415","article-title":"ITSG-Grace2018: Overview and Evaluation of a New GRACE-Only Gravity Field Time Series","volume":"124","author":"Kvas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sneeuw, N., and van Gelderen, M. (1997). The polar gap. Geodetic Boundary Value Problems in View of the One Centimeter Geoid, Springer.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0011717"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04139.x","article-title":"Signal and error in mass change inferences from GRACE: The case of Antarctica","volume":"177","author":"Horwath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time variability of the Earth\u2019s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., and Moritz, H. (2006). Physical Geodesy, Springer. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_30"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rignot, E., and Mouginot, J. (2012). Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008\u20132009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051634"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ETG 3\u20131","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000576","article-title":"Methods for inferring regional surface-mass anomalies from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements of time-variable gravity","volume":"107","author":"Swenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canuto, E., Martella, P., and Sechi, G. (2003). Attitude and Drag Control: An Application to the GOCE Satellite. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, Springer.","key":"ref_33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1333-7_30"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206731","article-title":"The 2011 Magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake: Mosaicking the Megathrust from Seconds to Centuries","volume":"332","author":"Simons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-014-0787-8","article-title":"The updated ESA Earth System Model for future gravity mission simulation studies","volume":"89","author":"Dobslaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velicogna, I., Mohajerani, Y., Landerer, F., Mouginot, J., Noel, B., Rignot, E., Sutterley, T., Broeke, M., Wessem, M., and Wiese, D. (2020). Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica From the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Missions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47.","key":"ref_36","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087291"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahavandchi, H., Joodaki, G., and Schwarz, V. (2015). GRACE-derived ice-mass loss spread over Greenland. J. Geod. Sci., 5.","key":"ref_37","DOI":"10.1515\/jogs-2015-0010"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/21\/3483\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:55Z","timestamp":1760178415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/21\/3483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12213483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12213483","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]}}}