{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:21:39Z","timestamp":1760239299625,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment academic research funding","award":["20200397-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200397-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is essential to accurately estimate rainfall to predict and prevent hydrological disasters such as floods. In this paper, an electromagnetic wave rain gauge system and a method to estimate average rainfall using the system\u2019s multiple elevation observation data are presented. The compact electromagnetic wave rain gauge is a small-sized radar that performs very short-range observations using K-band dual-polarization technology. The method to estimate average rainfall is based on the concept of an average observation derived from multiple elevation scans with very short range and dual-polarization information. The proposed method was evaluated by comparing it with ground instruments, including a pit-gauge, tipping-bucket rain gauges, and a Parsivel disdrometer. The evaluation results demonstrated that the new methodology worked fairly well for various rainfall events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1603964693000},"page":"3528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Electromagnetic Wave Rain Gauge and its Average Rainfall Estimation Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0545-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Ilsan 10223, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v21i5.10118","article-title":"Local rainfall variations over small, flat, cultivated areas","volume":"21","author":"Sandsborg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(69)90033-X","article-title":"Tropical rainfall variations over a small area","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. 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