{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:19:29Z","timestamp":1782746369676,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Funds of Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["2020SYIAEMS1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020SYIAEMS1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heading and flowering are two key phenological stages in the growth process of winter wheat. It is of great significance for agricultural management and scientific research to accurately monitor and forecast the heading and flowering dates of winter wheat. However, the monitoring accuracy of existing methods based on remote sensing needs to be improved, and these methods cannot realize forecasting in advance. This study proposed an accumulated temperature method (ATM) for monitoring and forecasting the heading and flowering dates of winter wheat from the perspective of thermal requirements for crop growth. The ATM method consists of three key procedures: (1) extracting the green-up date of winter wheat as the starting point of temperature accumulation with the dynamic threshold method from remotely sensed vegetation index (VI) time-series data, (2) calculating the accumulated temperature and determining the thermal requirements from the green-up date to the heading date or the flowering date based on phenology observation samples, and (3) combining the satellite-derived green-up date, daily temperature data, and thermal requirements to monitor and forecast the heading date and flowering date of winter wheat. When applying the ATM method to winter wheat in the North China Plain during 2017\u20132019, the root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimated heading date was between 4.76 and 6.13 d and the RMSE for the estimated flowering date was between 5.30 and 6.41 d. By contrast, the RMSE for the heading and flowering dates estimated by the widely used maximum vegetation index method was approximately 10 d. Furthermore, the forecasting accuracy of the ATM method was also high, and the RMSE was approximately 6 d. In summary, the proposed ATM method can be used to accurately monitor and forecast the heading and flowering dates of winter wheat in large spatial scales and it performs better than the existing maximum vegetation index method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1603964693000},"page":"3536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Method for Monitoring and Forecasting the Heading and Flowering Dates of Winter Wheat Combining Satellite-Derived Green-up Dates and Accumulated Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8015-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenquan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiufeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4070-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1131871","article-title":"Estimation of winter wheat phenology under the influence of cumulative temperature and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta, China, using MODIS time-series data","volume":"37","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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