{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1782633878944,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 3D digitization and Building Information Modeling (BIM), which is based on parametric objects, have considerably advanced by developing massive data capture techniques. Thus, reverse engineering currently plays a major role as these technologies capture accurately and efficiently the geometry, color and textures of complex architectural, archaeological and cultural heritage. This paper aims to validate close-range Structure from Motion (SfM) for heritage by analyzing the point density and the 3D mesh geometry in comparison with Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). The accuracy of the results and the geometry mainly depends on the processing performed on the point set. Therefore, these two variables are significant in the 3D reconstruction of heritage buildings. This paper focuses on a 15th century case study in Seville (Spain): the main fa\u00e7ade of Casa de Pilatos. Ten SfM surveys were carried out varying the capture method (simple and stereoscopic) and the number of shots, distances, orientation and procedure. A mathematical analysis is proposed to verify the point spatial resolution and the accuracy of the 3D model geometry by section profiles in SfM data. SfM achieved acceptable accuracy levels to generate 3D meshes despite disordered shots and the number of images. Hence, stereoscopic photography using new instruments improved the results of close-range photogrammetry while reducing the required number of photographs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"3571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Validation of Close-Range Photogrammetry for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage: Analysis of Point Density and 3D Mesh Geometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Moyano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica e Ingenier\u00eda en la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Edificaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Sevilla, 4A Reina Mercedes Avenue, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Enrique","family":"Nieto-Juli\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica e Ingenier\u00eda en la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Edificaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Sevilla, 4A Reina Mercedes Avenue, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bienvenido-Huertas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica e Ingenier\u00eda en la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Edificaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Sevilla, 4A Reina Mercedes Avenue, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica e Ingenier\u00eda en la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Edificaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Sevilla, 4A Reina Mercedes Avenue, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hambly, M. 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