{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:28Z","timestamp":1772253028719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA Cooperative Agreement","award":["Federal Award Identification Number 58-0111-16-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Federal Award Identification Number 58-0111-16-013"]}]},{"name":"Department of Energy AmeriFlux Network Management","award":["Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring drought impacts in forest ecosystems is a complex process because forest ecosystems are composed of different species with heterogeneous structural compositions. Even though forest drought status is a key control on the carbon cycle, very few indices exist to monitor and predict forest drought stress. The Forest Drought Indicator (ForDRI) is a new monitoring tool developed by the National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) to identify forest drought stress. ForDRI integrates 12 types of data, including satellite, climate, evaporative demand, ground water, and soil moisture, into a single hybrid index to estimate tree stress. The model uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the contribution of each input variable based on its covariance in the historical records (2003\u20132017). A 15-year time series of 780 ForDRI maps at a weekly interval were produced. The ForDRI values at a 12.5km spatial resolution were compared with normalized weekly Bowen ratio data, a biophysically based indicator of stress, from nine AmeriFlux sites. There were strong and significant correlations between Bowen ratio data and ForDRI at sites that had experienced intense drought. In addition, tree ring annual increment data at eight sites in four eastern U.S. national parks were compared with ForDRI values at the corresponding sites. The correlation between ForDRI and tree ring increments at the selected eight sites during the summer season ranged between 0.46 and 0.75. Generally, the correlation between the ForDRI and normalized Bowen ratio or tree ring increment are reasonably good and indicate the usefulness of the ForDRI model for estimating drought stress and providing decision support on forest drought management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T09:09:32Z","timestamp":1604394572000},"page":"3605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Forest Drought Response Index (ForDRI): A New Combined Model to Monitor Forest Drought in the Eastern United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4102-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsegaye","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4284-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yared","family":"Bayissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7926-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Svoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Demissie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Wardlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies, School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0749, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9209-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil","family":"Bohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental &amp; Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0534-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5226-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankur","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianhong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Change Science Institute &amp; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asko","family":"Noormets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Novick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O\u2019Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing &amp; 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