{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:30:18Z","timestamp":1784172618885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geotagged smartphone photos can be employed to build digital terrain models using structure from motion-multiview stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry. Accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope sensors integrated within consumer-grade smartphones can be used to record the orientation of images, which can be combined with location information provided by inbuilt global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sensors to geo-register the SfM-MVS model. The accuracy of these sensors is, however, highly variable. In this work, we use a 200 m-wide natural rocky cliff as a test case to evaluate the impact of consumer-grade smartphone GNSS sensor accuracy on the registration of SfM-MVS models. We built a high-resolution 3D model of the cliff, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for image acquisition and ground control points (GCPs) located using a differential GNSS survey for georeferencing. This 3D model provides the benchmark against which terrestrial SfM-MVS photogrammetry models, built using smartphone images and registered using built-in accelerometer\/gyroscope and GNSS sensors, are compared. Results show that satisfactory post-processing registrations of the smartphone models can be attained, requiring: (1) wide acquisition areas (scaling with GNSS error) and (2) the progressive removal of misaligned images, via an iterative process of model building and error estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T10:29:00Z","timestamp":1604485740000},"page":"3616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Photogrammetric 3D Model via Smartphone GNSS Sensor: Workflow, Error Estimate, and Best Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3033-5314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Tavani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DISTAR, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IGAG, c.o. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pignalosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geologist, Via Forno Vecchio, 38, Marigliano, 80034 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amerigo","family":"Corradetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha PO Box 23874, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2024-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Smeraglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IGAG, c.o. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISTAR, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cintia, 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Research Group \u2018Geodesia\u2019, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Seers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha PO Box 23874, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Pavlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Billi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IGAG, c.o. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universit\u00e0 di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2006.00383.x","article-title":"Image-based 3D modelling: A review","volume":"21","author":"Remondino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., Snavely, N., Simon, I., Seitz, S., and Szelinski, R. (October, January 27). Building Rome in a Day. 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