{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:19:25Z","timestamp":1773134365403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Differential Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) has been used to monitor surface deformations in open pit mines and tailings dams. In this paper, ground deformations have been detected on the area of tailings Dam-I at the C\u00f3rrego do Feij\u00e3o Mine (Brumadinho, Brazil) before its catastrophic failure occurred on 25 January 2019. Two techniques optimized for different scattering models, SBAS (Small BAseline Subset) and PSI (Persistent Scatterer Interferometry), were used to perform the analysis based on 26 Sentinel-1B images in Interferometric Wide Swath (IW) mode, which were acquired on descending orbits from 03 March 2018 to 22 January 2019. A WorldDEM Digital Surface Model (DSM) product was used to remove the topographic phase component. The results provided by both techniques showed a synoptic and informative view of the deformation process affecting the study area, with the detection of persistent trends of deformation on the crest, middle, and bottom sectors of the dam face until its collapse, as well as the settlements on the tailings. It is worth noting the detection of an acceleration in the displacement time-series for a short period near the failure. The maximum accumulated displacements detected along the downstream slope face were \u221239 mm (SBAS) and \u221248 mm (PSI). It is reasonable to consider that Sentinel-1 would provide decision makers with complementary motion information to the in situ monitoring system for risk assessment and for a better understanding of the ongoing instability phenomena affecting the tailings dam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"3664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Deformations Prior to the Brumadinho Dam Collapse Revealed by Sentinel-1 InSAR Data Using SBAS and PSI Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4585-5067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"F. Gama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, 12227-010 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, 12227-010 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldir","family":"R. Paradella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, 12227-010 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleber","family":"G. de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISIONA Tecnologia Espacial, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, 12247-016 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vale, S.A. (2020, March 13). Financial Results 2019. Available online: http:\/\/Saladeimprensa.vale.com\/em\/Paginas\/Articles.aspx?r=Financial_Results_2019&s=Finance&rID=1323&sID=5."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WMTF (2020, March 14). World Mining Tailings Failure Brumadinho. 2020 Draft Report. 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