{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T09:52:39Z","timestamp":1771062759596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0608"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of the spatiotemporal data fusion method as an effective data interpolation method has received extensive attention in remote sensing (RS) academia. The enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) is one of the most famous spatiotemporal data fusion methods, as it is widely used to generate synthetic data. However, the ESTARFM algorithm uses moving windows with a fixed size to get the information around the central pixel, which hampers the efficiency and precision of spatiotemporal data fusion. In this paper, a modified ESTARFM data fusion algorithm that integrated the surface spatial information via a statistical method was developed. In the modified algorithm, the local variance of pixels around the central one was used as an index to adaptively determine the window size. Satellite images from two regions were acquired by employing the ESTARFM and modified algorithm. Results showed that the images predicted using the modified algorithm obtained more details than ESTARFM, as the frequency of pixels with the absolute difference of mean value of six bands\u2019 reflectance between true observed image and predicted between 0 and 0.04 were 78% by ESTARFM and 85% by modified algorithm, respectively. In addition, the efficiency of the modified algorithm improved and the verification test showed the robustness of the modified algorithm. These promising results demonstrated the superiority of the modified algorithm to provide synthetic images compared with ESTARFM. Our research enriches the spatiotemporal data fusion method, and the automatic selection of moving window strategy lays the foundation of automatic processing of spatiotemporal data fusion on a large scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T19:08:29Z","timestamp":1604948909000},"page":"3673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An Improved Spatiotemporal Data Fusion Method Using Surface Heterogeneity Information Based on ESTARFM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hejie","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anoona, N.P., and Katpatal, Y.B. 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