{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:11:21Z","timestamp":1769746281308,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC1400300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41604130, 41627804, 41827801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41604130, 41627804, 41827801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key technical personnel of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equipped with a 1-meter Cassegrain telescope with 6.2 meter focal length and an electronically gated Intensified Charge-Coupled Device (ICCD), a multilayer Na imager is designed and developed at Wuhan in China. This novel instrument has successfully achieved the first preliminary 3-D image of the mesospheric Sodium (Na) layer when running alongside a Na lidar. The vertical Na layer profile is measured by the lidar, while the horizontal structure of the layer at different altitudes is measured by the ICCD imaging with a horizontal resolution of ~3.7 urad. In this experiment, controlled by the delay and width of the ICCD gating signal, the images of the layer are taken with three-second temporal resolution for every 5 km. The results show highly variable structures in both the vertical and horizontal directions within the Na layer. Horizontal images of the Na layer at different altitudes near both the permanent layer (80\u2013100 km) and a sporadic Na layer at 117.5 km are obtained simultaneously for the first time. The Na number density profiles measured by the lidar and those derived from this imaging technique show excellent agreement, demonstrating the success of this observational technique and the first 3-D imaging of the mesospheric Na layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"3678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High Resolution 3-D Imaging of Mesospheric Sodium (Na) Layer Utilizing a Novel Multilayer ICCD Imager and a Na Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xuewu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guotao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Nanertiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3008-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaijun","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Nanertiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaijie","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, West No 30, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500501m","article-title":"The Mesosphere and Metals: Chemistry and Changes","volume":"115","author":"Plane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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