{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:23:21Z","timestamp":1760239401497,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing images find application in several different domains, such as land cover or land usage observation, environmental monitoring, and urbanization. This latter field has recently witnessed an interesting development with the use of remote sensing for infrastructural monitoring. In this work, we present an analysis of Sentinel-1 images, which were used to monitor the Italian provinces of Bologna and Modena located at the Emilia Region Apennines foothill. The goal of this study was the development of a machine learning-based detection system to monitor the deterioration of public aqueduct infrastructures based on Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI). We evaluated the land deformation over a temporal range of five years; these series feed a k-means clustering algorithm to separate the pixels of the region according to different deformation patterns. Furthermore, we defined the critical areas as those areas where different patterns collided or overlapped. The proposed approach provides an informative tool for the structural health monitoring of underground infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1605017441000},"page":"3681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PSI Clustering for the Assessment of Underground Infrastructure Deterioration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0211-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Amoroso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1333-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Bellantuono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Massimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetek Italia s.r.l, 70132 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5968-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Monaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Oscar","family":"Nitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Applications Processing\u2014GAP s.r.l, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Nutricato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Applications Processing\u2014GAP s.r.l, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Samarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetek Italia s.r.l, 70132 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Taggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetek Italia s.r.l, 70132 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Tangaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Universit\u00e0 di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetek Italia s.r.l, 70132 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/7\/5\/011","article-title":"Issues in health monitoring for intelligent infrastructure","volume":"7","author":"Aktan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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