{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:19:17Z","timestamp":1781108357764,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mapping of soil nutrients is a key issue for numerous applications and research fields ranging from global changes to environmental degradation, from sustainable soil management to the precision agriculture concept. The characterization, modeling and mapping of soil properties at diverse spatial and temporal scales are key factors required for different environments. This paper is focused on the use and comparison of soil chemical analyses, Visible near infrared and shortwave infrared VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy, partial least-squares regression (PLSR), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and Landsat-8 operational land imager (OLI) images, to inexpensively analyze and predict the content of different soil nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), pH, and soil organic matter (SOM) in arid conditions. To achieve this aim, 100 surface samples of soil were gathered to a depth of 25 cm in the Wadi El-Garawla area (the northwest coast of Egypt) using chemical analyses and reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm. PLSR was used firstly to model the relationship between the averaged values from the ASD spectroradiometer and the available N, P, and K, pH and SOM contents in soils in order to map the predicted value using Ordinary Kriging (OK) and secondly to retrieve N, P, K, pH, and SOM values from OLI images. Thirty soil samples were selected to verify the validity of the results. The randomly selected samples included the spatial diversity and characteristics of the study area. The prediction of available of N, P, K pH and SOM in soils using VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy showed high performance (where R2 was 0.89, 0.72, 0.91, 0.65, and 0.75, respectively) and quite satisfactory results from Landsat-8 OLI images (correlation R2 values 0.71, 0.68, 0.55, 0.62 and 0.7, respectively). The results showed that about 84% of the soils of Wadi El-Garawla are characterized by low-to-moderate fertility, while about 16% of the area is characterized by high soil fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T10:00:32Z","timestamp":1605175232000},"page":"3716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Satellite Landsat-8 OLI Data to Map Soil Nutrients in Arid Conditions: A Case Study of the Northwest Coast of Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5888-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsayed Said","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo 1564, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A El","family":"Baroudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Gharbiya 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"El-beshbeshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Gharbiya 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Emam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo 1564, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Belal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo 1564, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Elfadaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo 1564, Egypt"},{"name":"Italian National Research Council, C.da Santa Loja, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9553-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Aldosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelraouf. M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Cairo 1564, Egypt"},{"name":"Agrarian-Technological Institute of the Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Lasaponara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian National Research Council, C.da Santa Loja, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, E.S., Abu-Hashim, M., and Belal, A.A.A. (2018). Sustainable indicators in arid region: Case study\u2013Egypt. Sustainability of Agricultural Environment in Egypt, Springer Cham. 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