{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:25:20Z","timestamp":1760239520989,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-77-30019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-77-30019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["State assignment of IO RAS, theme no. 0149-2019-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["State assignment of IO RAS, theme no. 0149-2019-0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-45-390012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-45-390012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here we analyze ice conditions in the Southeastern Baltic (SEB) Sea and in the Curonian Lagoon (CL) using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data combined with in-situ measurements from coastal stations during four winter seasons between 2009\u20132013. As shown, the ice conditions in the SEB and in the CL are strongly varying from year to year and do not always correlate with each other. In the SEB, ice cover may form only within 5\u201315 km band along the coast or spread up to 100 km offshore covering almost the entire region. The mean ice season duration here is 45 days. The CL is almost fully ice-covered every year apart of its northern part subjected to sea water inflow and active shipping. The ice regime is also more stable here, however, it also possesses multiple periods of partial melting and re-freezing. In this study we also perform a validation of three SAR-based ice thickness products (Envisat ASAR 0.5-km and 1-km, and RADARSAT-2 0.5-km) produced by the Finnish Meteorological Institute versus in-situ measurements in the CL. As shown, all satellite products perform rather well for the periods of gradual ice thickness growth. When the ice thickness grows rapidly, all products underestimate the observed values by 10\u201320 cm (20\u201350%). The best results were obtained for the RADARSAT-2 ice thickness product with the highest R2 value (0.68) and the root mean square error around 8 cm. The results of the study clearly show that multi-mission SAR data are very useful for spatial and temporal analysis of the ice regime in coastal waters and semi-enclosed shallow water bodies where the number of field observations is insufficient or lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"3754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Remote Sensing of Ice Conditions in the Southeastern Baltic Sea and in the Curonian Lagoon and Validation of SAR-Based Ice Thickness Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor E.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Malookhtinsky pr. 98, St. Petersburg 195196, Russia"},{"name":"Marine Research Institute, Klaip\u0117da University, Universiteto ave. 17, 92294 Klaip\u0117da, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Krek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky pr. 36, Moscow 117997, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey G.","family":"Kostianoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky pr. 36, Moscow 117997, Russia"},{"name":"Interfacultary Center for Marine Research (MARE), University of Li\u00e8ge, B5a Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Second Kozhukhovsky pr. 12, Build. 1, Moscow 115432, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Dailidien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Research Institute, Klaip\u0117da University, Universiteto ave. 17, 92294 Klaip\u0117da, Lithuania"},{"name":"Lithuanian Business University of Applied Sciences, University of Klapeida, Turgaus g. 21, 91249 Klaipeda, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2006.06.001","article-title":"Sea ice in the Baltic Sea\u2014A review","volume":"70","author":"Granskog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. 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