{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:10:53Z","timestamp":1783041053450,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u00b4s Republic of China","award":["2017YFC1501005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1501005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u00b4s Republic of China","award":["2018YFC1504704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1504704"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41702292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41702292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42007232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Gansu Province","award":["19ZD2FA002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ZD2FA002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["lzujbky-2020-kb49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2020-kb49"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land subsidence is one of the major urban geological hazards, which seriously restricts the development of many cities in the world. As one of the major cities in China, Xi\u2019an has also been experiencing a large area of land subsidence due to excessive exploitation of groundwater. Since the Heihe Water Transfer Project (HWTP) became fully operational in late 2003, the problem of subsidence has been restrained, but other issues, such as ground rebounds, have appeared, and the effect of the underground space utilization on land subsidence remains unsolved. The spatial-temporal pattern of land subsidence and rebound in Xi\u2019an after HWTP and their possible cause have so far not been well understood. In this study, the evolutionary characteristics of land subsidence and rebound in Xi\u2019an city from 2007\u20132019 was investigated using Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-SAR) technology to process the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and Sentinel-1A SAR datasets, and their cause and the correlation with groundwater level changes and the underground space utilization were discussed. We found that the land subsidence rate in the study area slowed from 2007\u20132019, and the subsidence area shrank and gradually developed into three relatively independent and isolated subsidence areas primarily. Significant local rebound deformation up to 22 mm\/y commenced in the groundwater recharge region during 2015\u20132019. The magnitude of local rebound was dominated by the rise in groundwater level due to HWTP, whereas tectonic faults and ground fissures control the range of subsidence and the uplift area. The influence of building load on surface deformation became increasingly evident and primarily manifested by slowing the subsidence reduction trend. Additionally, land subsidence caused by the disturbances during the subway construction period was stronger than that in the operational stage. Future land subsidence in Xi\u2019an is predicted to be alleviated overall, and the areas of rebound deformation will continue increasing for a limited time. However, uneven settlement range may extend to the Qujiang and Xixian New District due to the rapid urban construction. Our results could provide a scientific basis for land subsidence hazard mitigation, underground space planning, and groundwater management in Xi\u2019an or similar regions where severe ground subsidence was induced by rapid urbanization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"3756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence and Rebound over Xi\u2019an in Western China Revealed by SBAS-InSAR Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Technology &amp; Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazards Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Technology &amp; Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazards Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingmin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Technology &amp; Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazards Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Technology &amp; Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazards Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology &amp; Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazards Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Technology &amp; Innovation Centre for Environmental Geology and Geohazards Prevention, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Center of China Geological Survey, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maosheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-005-0010-6","article-title":"Land subsidence in China","volume":"48","author":"Xue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. 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