{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T05:55:20Z","timestamp":1774763720297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wuhan, the largest city in central China, has experienced rapid urban development leading to land subsidence as well as environmental concerns in recent years. Although a few studies have analyzed the land subsidence of Wuhan based on ALOS-1, Envisat, and Sentinel-1 datasets, the research on long-term land subsidence is still lacking. In this study, we employed multi-temporal InSAR to investigate and reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence over Wuhan with ALOS-1, Envisat, and Sentinel-1 images from 2007\u20132010, 2008\u20132010, 2015\u20132019, respectively. The results detected by InSAR were cross-validated by two independent SAR datasets, and leveling observations were applied to the calibration of InSAR-derived measurements. The correlation coefficient between the leveling and InSAR has reached 0.89. The study detected six main land subsidence zones during the monitoring period, with the maximum land subsidence velocity of \u221246 mm\/a during the 2015\u20132019 analysis. Both the magnitude and the extent of the land subsidence have reduced since 2017. The causes of land subsidence are discussed in terms of urban construction, Yangtze river water level changes, and subsurface water level changes. Our results provide insight for understanding the causes of land subsidence in Wuhan and serve as reference for city management for reducing the land subsidence in Wuhan and mitigating the potential hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T09:59:47Z","timestamp":1605693587000},"page":"3788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Ground Deformation of Wuhan, China, Revealed by Multi-Temporal InSAR Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yakun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-002-0225-5","article-title":"Land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Suzhou City, China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. 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