{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:29:15Z","timestamp":1779928155773,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Agency of Research (AEI) and European Funds for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P and TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P"]}]},{"name":"PRIMA programme supported by the European Union under grant agreement","award":["grant agreement No 1924, project RESERVOIR."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant agreement No 1924, project RESERVOIR."]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, Spain","award":["Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu MDM-2016-0600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu MDM-2016-0600"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-000016-01NACF-03548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-000016-01NACF-03548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The San Luis Potosi metropolitan area has suffered considerable damage from land subsidence over the past decades, which has become visible since 1990. This paper seeks to evaluate the effects of groundwater withdrawal on land subsidence in the San Luis Potosi Valley and the development of surface faults due to the differential compaction of sediments. For this purpose, we applied the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT), a Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique, using 112 Sentinel-1 acquisitions from October 2014 to November 2019 to estimate the deformation rate. The results revealed that the deformation areas in the municipality of Soledad de Graciano S\u00e1nchez mostly exhibit subsidence values between \u22121.5 and \u22123.5 cm\/year; whereas in San Luis Potosi these values are between \u22121.8 and \u22124.2 cm\/year. The PSI results were validated by five Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) benchmarks available, providing a data correlation between the results obtained with both techniques of 0.986. This validation suggests that interferometric derived deformations agree well with results obtained from GNSS data. The strong relationship between trace fault, land subsidence,e and groundwater extraction suggests that groundwater withdrawal is resulting in subsidence induced faulting, which follows the pattern of structural faults buried by sediments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T01:28:48Z","timestamp":1606094928000},"page":"3822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Spatial Analysis of Land Subsidence in the San Luis Potosi Valley Induced by Aquifer Overexploitation Using the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT) and Sentinel-1 InSAR Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8989-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda In\u00e9s","family":"Navarro-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Posgraduate Studies, Engineering Faculty, University of San Luis Potosi, Av Dr. Manuel Nava No. 8, San Luis Potosi, C.P. 78210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4216-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Lopez-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Research (IUII), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-1715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Trist\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Posgraduate Studies, Engineering Faculty, University of San Luis Potosi, Av Dr. Manuel Nava No. 8, San Luis Potosi, C.P. 78210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi J.","family":"Mallorqu\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, c\/Jordi Girona, 1\u20133, Ed. D-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Galloway, D.L., Bawden, G.W., Leake, S.A., and Honegger, D.G. (2018). Land Subsidence Hazards, Landslide L. Subsid. Hazards to Pipelines."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.10.014","article-title":"Spatial analysis of land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal","volume":"167","author":"Modoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.09.023","article-title":"Land subsidence by groundwater over-exploitation from aquifers in tectonic valleys of Central Mexico: A review","volume":"246","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. 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