{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T17:57:49Z","timestamp":1781200669371,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003495","name":"Hessisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kunst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LOEWE-Schwerpunkt Natur 4.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LOEWE-Schwerpunkt Natur 4.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011100","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola para la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GL2013-49142-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GL2013-49142-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011100","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola para la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2017-85490-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2017-85490-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are cost-effective, flexible and offer a wide range of applications. If equipped with optical sensors, orthophotos with very high spatial resolution can be retrieved using photogrammetric processing. The use of these images in multi-temporal analysis and the combination with spatial data imposes high demands on their spatial accuracy. This georeferencing accuracy of UAS orthomosaics is generally expressed as the checkpoint error. However, the checkpoint error alone gives no information about the reproducibility of the photogrammetrical compilation of orthomosaics. This study optimizes the geolocation of UAS orthomosaics time series and evaluates their reproducibility. A correlation analysis of repeatedly computed orthomosaics with identical parameters revealed a reproducibility of 99% in a grassland and 75% in a forest area. Between time steps, the corresponding positional errors of digitized objects lie between 0.07 m in the grassland and 0.3 m in the forest canopy. The novel methods were integrated into a processing workflow to enhance the traceability and increase the quality of UAS remote sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T01:28:48Z","timestamp":1606094928000},"page":"3831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Methods\u2014A Workflow for Reproducible UAS Orthomosaics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3010-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-0988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"M. Runge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GAMES Group, Department of Horticulture, Fruit, Growing Botany and Gardening, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Friess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana L.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Z\u00fcrcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Seyfried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Wraase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-2908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agustin","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoscience Barcelona (GEO3BCN\u2014CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.-Teresa","family":"Sebasti\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GAMES Group, Department of Horticulture, Fruit, Growing Botany and Gardening, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory ECOFUN, Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), 25280 Solsona, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7476-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Reudenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Nauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B1-963-2016","article-title":"Light-weight Multispectral UAV Sensors and their capabilities for predicting grain yield and detecting plant diseases","volume":"41","author":"Nebiker","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. 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