{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:28:19Z","timestamp":1771064899817,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["140877\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140877\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["140379\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140379\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["140261\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140261\/2018-4"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["301597\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301597\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["305054\/2016-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305054\/2016-3"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["441949\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["441949\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["442650\/2018-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442650\/2018-3"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["19\/05440-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/05440-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2016\/02018-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/02018-2"]}]},{"name":"Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI)","award":["SGP-HW 016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGP-HW 016"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil (CAPES)","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon (C) emissions from forest fires in the Amazon during extreme droughts may correspond to more than half of the global emissions resulting from land cover changes. Despite their relevant contribution, forest fire-related C emissions are not directly accounted for within national-level inventories or carbon budgets. A fundamental condition for quantifying these emissions is to have a reliable estimation of the extent and location of land cover types affected by fires. Here, we evaluated the relative performance of four burned area products (TREES, MCD64A1 c6, GABAM, and Fire_cci v5.0), contrasting their estimates of total burned area, and their influence on the fire-related C emissions in the Amazon biome for the year 2015. In addition, we distinguished the burned areas occurring in forests from non-forest areas. The four products presented great divergence in the total burned area and, consequently, total related C emissions. Globally, the TREES product detected the largest amount of burned area (35,559 km2), and consequently it presented the largest estimate of committed carbon emission (45 Tg), followed by MCD64A1, with only 3% less burned area detected, GABAM (28,193 km2) and Fire_cci (14,924 km2). The use of Fire_cci may result in an underestimation of 29.54 \u00b1 3.36 Tg of C emissions in relation to the TREES product. The same pattern was found for non-forest areas. Considering only forest burned areas, GABAM was the product that detected the largest area (8994 km2), followed by TREES (7985 km2), MCD64A1 (7181 km2) and Fire_cci (1745 km2). Regionally, Fire_cci detected 98% less burned area in Acre state in southwest Amazonia than TREES, and approximately 160 times less burned area in forests than GABAM. Thus, we show that global products used interchangeably on a regional scale could significantly underestimate the impacts caused by fire and, consequently, their related carbon emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T21:55:06Z","timestamp":1606341306000},"page":"3864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Intercomparison of Burned Area Products and Its Implication for Carbon Emission Estimations in the Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina M.","family":"Pess\u00f4a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana O.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters\u2014Cemaden, Technological Park of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Dr. Altino Bondensan Road, n500, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12247-016, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-6967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nath\u00e1lia S.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5719-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley A.","family":"Campanharo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1052-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso H. L. Silva","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Thais M.","family":"Rosan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences Amory Building, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o B. C.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters\u2014Cemaden, Technological Park of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Dr. Altino Bondensan Road, n500, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12247-016, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Francisca R. S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atrium Forest Consulting, R. Tiradentes, n435, Piracicaba SP 13400-760, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline D.","family":"Jacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Earth System Science Center, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean P.","family":"Ometto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Earth System Science Center, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Yosio E.","family":"Shimabukuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Camila V. J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Pontes-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Thiago F.","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC, Alameda da Universidade, S\/N, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo SP 09606-045, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4134-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz E. O. C.","family":"Arag\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, Av. dos Astronautas, n1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP 12227-010, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences Amory Building, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.0014","article-title":"Fire, climate change and biodiversity in Amazonia: A Late-Holocene perspective","volume":"363","author":"Bush","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01437","article-title":"A Fire science for rainforests","volume":"421","author":"Cochrane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2009.59.7.10","article-title":"A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life","volume":"59","author":"Pausas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12957","article-title":"Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements","volume":"506","author":"Gatti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"21st Century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180045","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.45","article-title":"SEEG initiative estimates of Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions from 1970 to 2015","volume":"5","author":"Cremer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GB005008","article-title":"Disentangling the contribution of multiple land covers to fire-mediated carbon emissions in Amazonia during the 2010 drought","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018). Brasil Decreto No 9.578, de 22 de Novembro de 2018. Consolida atos Normativos Editados pelo Poder Executivo Federal que Disp\u00f5em Sobre o Fundo Nacional sobre Mudan\u00e7a do Clima, de que Trata a Lei no 12.114, de 9 de Dezembro de 2009, e a Pol\u00edtica Nacional sobre Mudan\u00e7a do Clima, de que trata a Lei n\u00ba 12.187, de 29 de Dezembro de 2009, Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.0026","article-title":"Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia","volume":"363","author":"Malhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva Junior, C., Arag\u00e3o, L., Fonseca, M., Almeida, C., Vedovato, L., and Anderson, L. (2018). Deforestation-Induced Fragmentation Increases Forest Fire Occurrence in Central Brazilian Amazonia. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9060305"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marengo, J.A., Tomasella, J., Alves, L.M., Soares, W.R., and Rodriguez, D.A. (2011). The drought of 2010 in the context of historical droughts in the Amazon region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047436"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33130","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33130","article-title":"van der Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Ni\u00f1o 2015\u20132016","volume":"6","author":"Mattar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"D02111","article-title":"Rainfall and its seasonality over the Amazon in the 21st century as assessed by the coupled models for the IPCC AR4","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06960","article-title":"Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution","volume":"453","author":"Cox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fire Responses to the 2010 and 2015\/2016 Amazonian Droughts","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180043","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0043","article-title":"Drought-induced Amazonian wildfires instigate a decadal-scale disruption of forest carbon dynamics","volume":"373","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.005","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product","volume":"217","author":"Giglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pettinari, M.L., and Chuvieco, E. (2020, October 25). ESA CCI ECV Fire Disturbance: D3.3.3 Product User Guide\u2014MODIS, Version 1.0, Available online: https:\/\/www.esa-fire-cci.org\/documents."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2464097","article-title":"Estimating Burned Area in Mato Grosso, Brazil, Using an Object-Based Classification Method on a Systematic Sample of Medium Resolution Satellite Images","volume":"8","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.14393\/rbcv72n2-48726","article-title":"Burned Area Detection in the Brazilian Amazon using Spectral Indices and GEOBIA","volume":"72","author":"Penha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"64","article-title":"Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing\u2014A review: Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments","volume":"26","author":"Mouillot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2018.1433727","article-title":"Spatial and temporal intercomparison of four global burned area products","volume":"12","author":"Humber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.005","article-title":"Comparing the accuracies of remote sensing global burned area products using stratified random sampling and estimation","volume":"160","author":"Padilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6010815","article-title":"Burned Area Mapping in the North American Boreal Forest Using Terra-MODIS LTDR (2001\u20132011): A Comparison with the MCD45A1, MCD64A1 and BA GEOLAND-2 Products","volume":"6","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021275","article-title":"Validation of the Two Standard MODIS Satellite Burned-Area Products and an Empirically-Derived Merged Product in South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Tsela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032050","article-title":"Assessing the Temporal Stability of the Accuracy of a Time Series of Burned Area Products","volume":"6","author":"Padilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornacca, D., Ren, G., and Xiao, W. (2017). Performance of Three MODIS Fire Products (MCD45A1, MCD64A1, MCD14ML), and ESA Fire_CCI in a Mountainous Area of Northwest Yunnan, China, Characterized by Frequent Small Fires. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111131"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, L.O., Cheek, D., Aragao, L.E., Andere, L., Duarte, B., Salazar, N., Lima, A., Duarte, V., and Arai, E. (2017). Development of a Point-based Method for Map Validation and Confidence Interval Estimation: A Case Study of Burned Areas in Amazonia. J. Remote Sens. GIS, 6.","DOI":"10.4172\/2469-4134.1000193"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.01.009","article-title":"A simulation analysis of the detectability of understory burns in miombo woodlands","volume":"93","author":"Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2009000","article-title":"Southern Africa validation of the MODIS, L3JRC, and GlobCarbon burned-area products","volume":"47","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.02.013","article-title":"Historical background and current developments for mapping burned area from satellite Earth observation","volume":"225","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, J.M.C., S\u00e1, A.C.L., Sousa, A.M.O., Silva, J.M.N., Santos, T.N., and Carreiras, J.M.B. (1999). Spectral characterisation and discrimination of burnt areas. Remote Sensing of Large Wildfires, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60164-4_7"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"87951I","article-title":"Relationships between vegetation indices and different burn and vegetation ratios: A multi-scale approach applied in a fire affected area","volume":"Volume 8795","author":"Hadjimitsis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/2010EI349.1","article-title":"Mapping Burned Areas in a Mediterranean Environment Using Soft Integration of Spectral Indices from High-Resolution Satellite Images","volume":"14","author":"Boschetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210153129","article-title":"Assessment of different spectral indices in the red-near-infrared spectral domain for burned land discrimination","volume":"23","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, T., Zhang, Z., He, G., Jiao, W., Tang, C., Wu, B., Zhang, X., Wang, G., and Yin, R. (2019). 30 m Resolution Global Annual Burned Area Mapping Based on Landsat Images and Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050489"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mithal, V., Nayak, G., Khandelwal, A., Kumar, V., Nemani, R., and Oza, N. (2018). Mapping Burned Areas in Tropical Forests Using a Novel Machine Learning Framework. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010069"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.02.016","article-title":"Sensitivity of spectral reflectance values to different burn and vegetation ratios: A multi-scale approach applied in a fire affected area","volume":"79","author":"Pleniou","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291251","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of a global model for multi-temporal burned area mapping using SPOT-VEGETATION data","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melchiorre, A., and Boschetti, L. (2018). Global Analysis of Burned Area Persistence Time with MODIS Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050750"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111490","article-title":"Global validation of the collection 6 MODIS burned area product","volume":"235","author":"Boschetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12360","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212360","article-title":"BAMS: A Tool for Supervised Burned Area Mapping Using Landsat Data","volume":"6","author":"Bastarrika","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1590\/S0044-59672005000400009","article-title":"Detec\u00e7\u00e3o de cicatrizes de \u00e1reas queimadas baseada no modelo linear de mistura espectral e imagens \u00edndice de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o utilizando dados multitemporais do sensor MODIS\/TERRA no estado do Mato Grosso, Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Amaz."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.10.013","article-title":"Land use and land cover changes determine the spatial relationship between fire and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"34","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8002","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098002","article-title":"Analysis and Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Burned Areas in the Amazon Forest","volume":"6","author":"Cardozo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802509058","article-title":"Fraction images derived from Terra Modis data for mapping burnt areas in Brazilian Amazonia","volume":"30","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.967880","article-title":"Assessment of forest degradation in Brazilian Amazon due to selective logging and fires using time series of fraction images derived from Landsat ETM+ images","volume":"5","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randerson, J.T., Chen, Y., van der Werf, G.R., Rogers, B.M., and Morton, D.C. (2012). Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JG002128"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0312-2","article-title":"A global wildfire dataset for the analysis of fire regimes and fire behaviour","volume":"6","author":"Oom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20042","article-title":"Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4)","volume":"118","author":"Giglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andela, N., Morton, D.C., Giglio, L., Paugam, R., Chen, Y., Hantson, S., van der Werf, G.R., and Randerson, J.T. (2019). The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed, and direction. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2018-89"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10806","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01598","article-title":"High-Resolution Mapping of Biomass Burning Emissions in Three Tropical Regions","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-6033-2015","article-title":"Relationships between burned area, forest cover loss, and land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon based on satellite data","volume":"12","author":"Fanin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-017-0014-8","article-title":"A pan-tropical cascade of fire driven by El Ni\u00f1o\/Southern Oscillation","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2015-2018","article-title":"Generation and analysis of a new global burned area product based on MODIS 250m reflectance bands and thermal anomalies","volume":"10","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111493","article-title":"A spatio-temporal active-fire clustering approach for global burned area mapping at 250 m from MODIS data","volume":"236","author":"Ramo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"INPE (2017). Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento na Amaz\u00f4nia Brasileira por Sat\u00e9lite (PRODES), INPE."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02533.x","article-title":"Fire-induced tree mortality in a neotropical forest: The roles of bark traits, tree size, wood density and fire behavior","volume":"18","author":"Brando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bivand, R., and Rundel, C. (2020, November 24). Rgeos: Interface to Geometry Engine\u2014Open Source (\u2018GEOS\u2019) 2018, Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/rgeos\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2020, R Core Team. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J. (2020, November 24). Raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling, Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/raster\/."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3","article-title":"Estimate of deviation between empirical distribution functions in two independent samples","volume":"2","author":"Smirnov","year":"1939","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Univ. Moscou"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2004.11.013","article-title":"The Map Comparison Kit","volume":"21","author":"Visser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"RIKS BV (2013). Map Comparison Kit 3: User Manual, RIKS BV."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"RIKS BV (2011). MCK Reader: Methods of the Map Comparison Kit, RIKS BV."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.011","article-title":"Global burned area mapping from ENVISAT-MERIS and MODIS active fire data","volume":"163","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.054","article-title":"The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products","volume":"178","author":"Giglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00076-7","article-title":"The MODIS fire products","volume":"83","author":"Justice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02029","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2029","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of unburned areas within fire perimeters in the northwestern United States from 1984 to 2014","volume":"9","author":"Meddens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.002","article-title":"Mapping canopy damage from understory fires in Amazon forests using annual time series of Landsat and MODIS data","volume":"115","author":"Morton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"318","article-title":"How well do global burned area products represent fire patterns in the Brazilian Savannas biome? An accuracy assessment of the MCD64 collections","volume":"78","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanharo, W., Lopes, A., Anderson, L., da Silva, T., and Arag\u00e3o, L. (2019). Translating Fire Impacts in Southwestern Amazonia into Economic Costs. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070764"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.04.041","article-title":"Dynamics of forest fires in the southwestern Amazon","volume":"424","author":"Fearnside","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Silva, S.S., Anderson, L.O., Costa, J.G., Souza, F.S.C., Nascimento, E.S., Silva, I.S., Pereira, M.P., Silva, F.V., Almeida, M.R.N., and Xaud, H.A.M. (2020). Relat\u00f3rio Executivo: Queimadas 2019\u2014Acre, UFAC."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14872","article-title":"Clarifying Amazonia\u2019s burning crisis","volume":"26","author":"Barlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00184-6","article-title":"An Enhanced Contextual Fire Detection Algorithm for MODIS","volume":"87","author":"Giglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.008","article-title":"The New VIIRS 375m active fire detection data product: Algorithm description and initial assessment","volume":"143","author":"Schroeder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Ot\u00f3n, G., and Pettinari, M.L. (2020, November 01). ESA CCI ECV Fire Disturbance: D3.3.4 Product User Guide\u2014LTDR, Version 1.0, Available online: https:\/\/www.esa-fire-cci.org\/documents."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.027","article-title":"Mapping burned areas using dense time-series of Landsat data","volume":"198","author":"Hawbaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2437075","article-title":"DETER-B: The New Amazon Near Real-Time Deforestation Detection System","volume":"8","author":"Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GB005465","article-title":"Aboveground biomass variability across intact and degraded forests in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"30","author":"Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12629","article-title":"Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees","volume":"20","author":"Chave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2307\/2261261","article-title":"Relationships of Fire, Biomass and Nutrient Dynamics along a Vegetation Gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado","volume":"82","author":"Kauffman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"2","article-title":"Fire as a Recurrent Event in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon: Effects on Forest Structure, Biomass, and Species Composition1","volume":"31","author":"Cochrane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(02)00548-0","article-title":"Surface wildfires in central Amazonia: Short-term impact on forest structure and carbon loss","volume":"179","author":"Haugaasen","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00394.x","article-title":"Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires","volume":"6","author":"Barlow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/EI150.1","article-title":"Forest understory fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and non-ENSO years: Area burned and comitted carbon missions","volume":"10","author":"Alencar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Alencar, A.A., Nepstad, D., and Moutinho, P. (2005). Carbon emissions associated with forest fires in Brazil. Tropical Deforestation and Climate Change, IPAM."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-43921999294534","article-title":"Inc\u00eandios na Amaz\u00f4nia Brasileira: Estimativa da emiss\u00e3o de gases do efeito estufa pela queima de diferentes ecossistemas de Roraima na passagem do evento \u201cEl Nino\u201d (1997\/98)","volume":"29","author":"Barbosa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Amaz."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14855","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14855","article-title":"High resolution analysis of tropical forest fragmentation and its impact on the global carbon cycle","volume":"8","author":"Brinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1354","article-title":"Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps","volume":"2","author":"Baccini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Coutinho, A.C., Almeida, C., Venturieri, A., Esquerdo, J.C.D.M., and Silva, M. (2013). Uso e cobertura da terra nas \u00e1reas desflorestadas da Amaz\u00f4nia Legal, TerraClass, INPE."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Rosan, T.M. (2017). Estimativa de Emiss\u00f5es de CO2 por Desmatamento e Degrada\u00e7\u00e3o Florestal Utilizada como Subsidio para Defini\u00e7\u00e3o de Munic\u00edpios Priorit\u00e1rios para Monitoramento e Controle, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais\u2014INPE."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/23\/3864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:37:19Z","timestamp":1760179039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/23\/3864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12233864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12233864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]}}}