{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T01:42:23Z","timestamp":1780882943591,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assesses the spatial and temporal characteristics of nighttime surface urban heat island (SUHI) effects over Greater Cairo: the largest metropolitan area in Africa. This study employed nighttime land surface temperature (LST) data at 1 km resolution from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua sensor for the period 2003\u20132019. We presented a new spatial anomaly algorithm, which allowed to define SUHI using the most anomalous hotspot and cold spot of LST for each time step over Greater Cairo between 2003 and 2019. Results demonstrate that although there is a significant increase in the spatial extent of SUHI over the past two decades, a significant decrease in the mean and maximum intensities of SUHI was noted. Moreover, we examined the dependency between SUHI characteristics and related factors that influence energy and heat fluxes between atmosphere and land in urban environments (e.g., surface albedo, vegetation cover, climate variability, and land cover\/use changes). Results demonstrate that the decrease in the intensity of SUHI was mainly guided by a stronger warming in daytime and nighttime LST in the neighborhood of urban localities. This warming was accompanied by a decrease in surface albedo and diurnal temperature range (DTR) over these areas. Results of this study can provide guidance to local urban planners and decision-makers to adopt more effective mitigation strategies to diminish the negative impacts of urban warming on natural and human environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T09:16:49Z","timestamp":1606468609000},"page":"3889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Nocturnal Surface Urban Heat Island over Greater Cairo: Spatial Morphology, Temporal Trends and Links to Land-Atmosphere Influences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"El Kenawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4875-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hereher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Damietta University, New Damietta 34511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed M.","family":"Robaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, Space Science and Meteorology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1279-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew F.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan I.","family":"Lopez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, Campus de Aula Dei, Avda. Monta\u00f1ana, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragonese Agency for Research and Development Researcher (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Islam M.","family":"Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS Specialist and MA Student, Department of Geography, South Valley University, Qena Branch, Qena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Al-Awadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Buloshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Al Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Al-Hatrushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra-Manuela","family":"Schuwerack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Devon TQ6 9EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhais","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, Campus de Aula Dei, Avda. 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