{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:39:47Z","timestamp":1762299587801,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a comparison of the impact of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic in February 2018 (SSW1) and January 2019 (SSW2) on the mid-latitude mesosphere is given. The mesospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and zonal wind in these two major SSW events were observed at altitudes of 70\u201385 km using a microwave radiometer (MWR) at Kharkiv, Ukraine (50.0\u00b0N, 36.3\u00b0E). Data from ERA-Interim and MERRA-2 reanalyses and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements were also used. It is shown that: (i) The differences between SSW1 and SSW2, in terms of local variability in zonal wind, temperature, and CO in the stratosphere and mesosphere, were clearly defined by the polar vortex (westerly in cyclonic circulation) and mid-latitude anticyclone (easterly) migrating over the MWR station, therefore; (ii) mesospheric intrusions of CO-rich air into the stratosphere over the Kharkiv region occurred only occasionally, (iii) the larger zonal wave 1\u20133 amplitudes before SSW1 were followed by weaker polar vortex recovery than that after SSW2, (iv) the strong vortex recovery after SSW2 was supported by earlier event timing (midwinter) favoring vortex cooling due to low solar irradiance and enhanced zonal circulation, and (v) vortex strengthening after SSW2 was accompanied by wave 1\u20133 amplification in March 2019, which was absent after SSW1. Finally, the influence of the large-scale circulation structures formed in individual major SSW events on the locally recorded characteristics of the atmosphere is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:15:43Z","timestamp":1606994143000},"page":"3950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparison of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Mid-Latitude Mesosphere Based on Local Microwave Radiometer CO Observations in 2018 and 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6972-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6529-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerii","family":"Shulga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Department of Millimeter Radio Astronomy, Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2897-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Ivaniha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Evtushevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennadi","family":"Milinevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Atmosphere Physics and Geospace, National Antarctic Scientific Center, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3335-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Klekociuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston 7050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksey","family":"Patoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Millimeter Radio Astronomy, Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center of Future Science, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Shulga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Millimeter Radio Astronomy, Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1479:ADMOTS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A dynamical model of the stratospheric sudden warming","volume":"28","author":"Matsuno","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. 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