{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:13:31Z","timestamp":1777630411972,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing global population, human demands for natural resources continue to grow. There is a critical need for the sustainable use and development of natural resources. In this context, ecosystem services have attracted more and more attention, and ecosystem services assessment has proven to be useful for guiding research, policy formulation, and management implementation. In this paper, we attempted to assess ecosystem services more comprehensively from various perspectives. We used food provisioning ecosystem services in Minnesota as a case study and proposed two new concepts for assessing ecosystem services: efficiency and trend. We designed a multidimensional assessment framework, analyzed the total output, efficiency, and trend temporally based on both area and space with Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA). We also identified major influencing factors based on remote sensing images in Google Earth Engine and explored the quantitative influence on each assessment dimension. We found that: (1) Food provisioning ecosystem service in Minnesota has generally been improving from 1998 to 2018. (2) We identified food provisioning ecosystem services in Minnesota as superior zones, mixed zones, and inferior zones with a \u2018sandwich geo-configuration\u2019. (3) The total output tends to be stable while the efficiency is disturbed by some natural disasters. Simultaneously, the trend index has been improving with slight fluctuations. (4) Agricultural disaster financial support has a stronger impact on stabilizing the total output of food provisioning than the other two dimensions. (5) Soil moisture, diurnal temperature difference, and crop growth are the three main influencing aspects of food provisioning ecosystem services, and the order of the influential density is: the Perpendicular Drought Index (PDI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Rainfall (RF), Daytime Temperature (DT), and Diurnal Temperature Difference (DIF).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:15:43Z","timestamp":1606994143000},"page":"3955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multidimensional Assessment of Food Provisioning Ecosystem Services Using Remote Sensing and Agricultural Statistics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Donghui","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yishao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5437-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiusheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruibo","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Surveyors, Shanghai 200003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(98)00020-2","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"25","author":"Costanza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Daily, G.C. (1997). Nature\u2019s Services, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Reid, W.V. (2005). Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, World Resources Institute."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808772106","article-title":"Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment","volume":"106","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194901000-00018","article-title":"Road to Survival","volume":"67","author":"Vogt","year":"1949","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ratisurakarn, T. Estimating Economic Value of Forest Ecosystem Services: A Meta-Analysis. [Ph.D. Thesis, Nida]. Available online: https:\/\/repository.nida.ac.th\/handle\/662723737\/5073."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2514\/3.27598","article-title":"Control, replenishment, and stability of life support systems","volume":"1","author":"Davis","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"426","article-title":"Estimation of Ecosystem Services of Major Forest in China","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bela, G., Braat, L., Demeyer, R., and Garc\u00eda-Llorente, M. (2020, November 17). Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Sander_Jacobs\/publication\/287444840_Preliminary_guidelines_for_integrated_assessment_and_valuation_of_ecosystem_services_in_specific_policy_contexts\/links\/59e46b63aca2724cbfe901cf\/Preliminary-guidelines-for-integrated-assessment-and-valuation-of-ecosystem-services-in-specific-policy-contexts.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"51","article-title":"Applying Value Transfer Method for Eco-Service Valuation in China","volume":"1","author":"Gaodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"jore"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1740","article-title":"The value of ecosystem services in China","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.010","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the value of China\u2019s ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(02)00088-5","article-title":"Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services","volume":"41","author":"Farber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.04.022","article-title":"Review of valuation methods for mangrove ecosystem services","volume":"23","author":"Vo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Brander, L. (2013). Guidance Manual on Value Transfer Methods for Ecosystem Services, UNEP."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.002","article-title":"Ecosystem services assessment: A review under an ecological-economic and systems perspective","volume":"289","author":"Franzese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x","article-title":"Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services","volume":"12","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Odum, H.T. (1996). Environmental Accounting: Energy and Environmental Decision Making, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.04.022","article-title":"Ecosystem services as a counterpart of energy flows to ecosystems","volume":"222","author":"Pulselli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2010.12.002","article-title":"Energy-based evaluation of peri-urban ecosystem services","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2013.11.003","article-title":"Energy and ecosystem services: A national biogeographical assessment","volume":"7","author":"Coscieme","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.080","article-title":"Energy-based accounting method for aquatic ecosystem services valuation: A case of China","volume":"230","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.015","article-title":"Ecosystem services assessment based on energy accounting in Chongming Island, Eastern China","volume":"105","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106418","article-title":"Identification of ecosystem services supply and demand areas and simulation of ecosystem service flows in Shanghai","volume":"115","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Villa, F., Ceroni, M., Bagstad, K., Johnson, G., and Krivov, S. (2009, January 1). ARIES (Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services): A new tool for ecosystem services assessment, planning, and valuation. Proceedings of the 11th Annual BIOECON Conference on Economic Instruments to Enhance the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3410\/B2-53","article-title":"Modelling ecosystem services in terrestrial systems","volume":"2","author":"Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"F1000 Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"ARIES\u2014Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services: A guide to models and data, version 1.0","volume":"1","author":"Bagstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"ARIES Rep. Ser."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.07.071","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of ecosystem service valuation in a Mediterranean watershed","volume":"440","author":"Passuello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/7\/075004","article-title":"Estimation of aboveground net primary productivity in secondary tropical dry forests using the Carnegie\u2013Ames\u2013Stanford approach (CASA) model","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.160","article-title":"Comparing strengths and weaknesses of three ecosystem services modelling tools in a diverse UK river catchment","volume":"584","author":"Sharps","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106089","article-title":"Comparison of the SWAT and InVEST models to determine hydrological ecosystem service spatial patterns, priorities and trade-offs in a complex basin","volume":"112","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106426","article-title":"Ecosystem services as a resilience descriptor in habitat risk assessment using the InVEST model","volume":"115","author":"Caro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104339","article-title":"Integrating preferences and social values for ecosystem services in local ecological management: A framework applied in Xiaojiang Basin Yunnan province, China","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"635","article-title":"Ecosystem services and their economic valuation","volume":"10","author":"Zhiyun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.32.031306.102758","article-title":"The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services","volume":"32","author":"Brauman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.03.009","article-title":"Effects of land use change on ecosystem services value in West Jilin since the reform and opening of China","volume":"31","author":"Fei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2018.05.009","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics of Ecosystem Services","volume":"151","author":"Rau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.06.040","article-title":"A comparison of tools for modeling freshwater ecosystem services","volume":"92","author":"Vigerstol","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-010-9407-0","article-title":"The Impact of Land-Use Change on Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Returns to Landowners: A Case Study in the State of Minnesota","volume":"48","author":"Polasky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.12.001","article-title":"Quantifying and mapping multiple ecosystem services change in West Africa","volume":"165","author":"Leh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Gao, J., Wang, J., and Qiu, J. (2014). Value assessment of ecosystem services in nature reserves in Ningxia, China: A response to ecological restoration. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089174"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117672","article-title":"Bioenergy and ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies in marginal agricultural lands: A remote-sensing-based assessment method","volume":"237","author":"Longato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015546915924","article-title":"Geographic Techniques and Recent Applications of Remote Sensing to Landscape-Water Quality Studies","volume":"138","author":"Griffith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.6.665","article-title":"Crop Yield Assessment from Remote Sensing","volume":"69","author":"Doraiswamy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001698870","article-title":"Crop yield estimation by satellite remote sensing","volume":"25","author":"Ferencz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"26","article-title":"Crop yield estimation model for Iowa using remote sensing and surface parameters","volume":"8","author":"Prasad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17860.x","article-title":"Indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services: A synthesis across ecosystems and spatial scales","volume":"118","author":"Feld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3755-0","article-title":"Water quality monitoring and assessment of an urban Mediterranean lake facilitated by remote sensing applications","volume":"186","author":"Markogianni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.01.007","article-title":"Remote sensing of ecosystem services: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12579","article-title":"Habitat Condition Assessment System: A new way to assess the condition of natural habitats for terrestrial biodiversity across whole regions using remote sensing data","volume":"7","author":"Harwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-018-1110-x","article-title":"Assessing the Capacity of Ecosystems to Supply Ecosystem Services Using Remote Sensing and an Ecosystem Accounting Approach","volume":"63","author":"Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2020, October 27). Wikipedia Contributors Minnesota. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Minnesota&oldid=985368473."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2020, October 27). Agriculture, Available online: https:\/\/www.dli.mn.gov\/business\/workforce\/agriculture."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2020, November 20). USDA\/NASS QuickStats Ad-Hoc Query Tool, Available online: https:\/\/quickstats.nass.usda.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2020, November 20). USGS Landsat 8 Collection 1 Tier 1 TOA Reflectance. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/LANDSAT_LC08_C01_T1_TOA."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, November 20). MOD11A2.006 Terra Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity 8-Day Global 1 km. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/MODIS_006_MOD11A2."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2020, November 20). Daymet V3: Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries. Available online: https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/NASA_ORNL_DAYMET_V3."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2020, November 20). USDA\/NASS 2019 State Agriculture Overview for Minnesota, Available online: https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Quick_Stats\/Ag_Overview\/stateOverview.php?state=MINNESOTA."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(02)77015-6","article-title":"Micronutrients in Crop Production","volume":"Volume 77","author":"Sparks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2017.05.409","article-title":"Applying GIS to Identify the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Road Accidents Using Spatial Statistics (case study: Ilam Province, Iran)","volume":"25","author":"Aghajani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Almanac, O.F. (2020, November 26). Planting Calendar for Minneapolis, MN. Available online: https:\/\/www.almanac.com\/gardening\/planting-calendar\/mn\/Minneapolis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"171","article-title":"Climate change and prolongation of growing season: Changes in regional potential for field crop production in Finland","volume":"18","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj14.0292","article-title":"Field Pennycress Production and Weed Control in a Double Crop System with Soybean in Minnesota","volume":"107","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.10.025","article-title":"Monitoring daily evapotranspiration over two California vineyards using Landsat 8 in a multi-sensor data fusion approach","volume":"185","author":"Semmens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720","article-title":"Principal components analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pearson","year":"1901","journal-title":"Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2020, October 06). Wikipedia Contributors Principal Component Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Principal_component_analysis&oldid=979916858."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7976.2007.00099.x","article-title":"Public Responses to Agricultural Disasters: Rethinking the Role of Government","volume":"55","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"4331","article-title":"Agricultural disaster payments in the southeastern US: Do weather and climate variability matter?","volume":"44","author":"Nadolnyak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Null"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Database, E.F.S. (2020, November 02). EWG\u2019s Farm Subsidy Database. Available online: https:\/\/farm.ewg.org\/progdetail.php?fips=27000&progcode=total_dis&regionname=Minnesota."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-110811-114505","article-title":"The Environmental Consequences of Subsidized Risk Management and Disaster Assistance Programs","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"113002","article-title":"Land use change and ecosystem service provision in Pampas and Campos grasslands of southern South America","volume":"11","author":"Modernel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmentalist"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.078","article-title":"Land-use\/land-cover change and ecosystem service provision in China","volume":"576","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemu, W.G., Henebry, G.M., and Melesse, A.M. (2019). Land Surface Phenologies and Seasonalities in the US Prairie Pothole Region Coupling AMSR Passive Microwave Data with the USDA Cropland Data Layer. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212550"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135005","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of ecosystem service supply and demand across the conterminous United States: A multiscale analysis","volume":"703","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2020, October 01). Minnesota Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Available online: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/states\/minnesota-population."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.01.007","article-title":"Forecasting crop yield using remotely sensed vegetation indices and crop phenology metrics","volume":"173","author":"Bolton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.06.009","article-title":"Statistical modelling of crop yield in Central Europe using climate data and remote sensing vegetation indices","volume":"260","author":"Kern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.04.004","article-title":"Machine learning for ecosystem services","volume":"33","author":"Willcock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Z., Gong, M., and Jiang, F. (2019, January 1\u201313). An Estimation Framework for Economic Cost of Land Use Based on Artificial Neural Networks and Principal Component Analysis with R. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 3rd Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCEC46724.2019.8984158"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peponi, A., Morgado, P., and Trindade, J. (2019). Combining Artificial Neural Networks and GIS Fundamentals for Coastal Erosion Prediction Modeling. Sustain. Sci. Pract. Policy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11040975"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1108\/MEQ-12-2019-0266","article-title":"Using an artificial neural network for estimating sustainable development goals index","volume":"31","author":"Mirghaderi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"0309133320956631","article-title":"Analysing and simulating spatial patterns of crop yield in Guizhou Province based on artificial neural networks","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/23\/3955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:40:58Z","timestamp":1760179258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/23\/3955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12233955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12233955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]}}}