{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T22:00:49Z","timestamp":1769637649073,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenristekdikti) under the Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project (RISET-Pro)","award":["World Bank Loan No. 8245-ID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["World Bank Loan No. 8245-ID"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study establishes a new technique for peatland fire detection in tropical environments using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. The Tropical Peatland Combustion Algorithm (ToPeCAl) without longwave thermal infrared (TIR) (henceforth known as ToPeCAl-2) was tested on Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data and then applied to Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) data. The research is aimed at establishing peatland fire information at higher spatial resolution and more frequent observation than from Landsat-8 data over Indonesia\u2019s peatlands. ToPeCAl-2 applied to Sentinel-2 was assessed by comparing fires detected from the original ToPeCAl applied to Landsat-8 OLI\/Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) verified through comparison with ground truth data. An adjustment of ToPeCAl-2 was applied to minimise false positive errors by implementing pre-process masking for water and permanent bright objects and filtering ToPeCAl-2\u2019s resultant detected fires by implementing contextual testing and cloud masking. Both ToPeCAl-2 with contextual test and ToPeCAl with cloud mask applied to Sentinel-2 provided high detection of unambiguous fire pixels (&gt;95%) at 20 m spatial resolution. Smouldering pixels were less likely to be detected by ToPeCAl-2. The detected smouldering pixels from ToPeCAl-2 applied to Sentinel-2 with contextual testing and with cloud masking were only 35% and 56% correct, respectively; this needs further investigation and validation. These results demonstrate that even in the absence of TIR data, an adjusted ToPeCAl algorithm (ToPeCAl-2) can be applied to detect peatland fires at 20 m resolution with high accuracy especially for flaming. Overall, the implementation of ToPeCAl applied to cost-free and available Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data enables regular peatland fire monitoring in tropical environments at higher spatial resolution than other satellite-derived fire products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:15:43Z","timestamp":1606994143000},"page":"3958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Applying the Tropical Peatland Combustion Algorithm to Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8115-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parwati","family":"Sofan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Scarce Resources and Circular Economy (ScaRCE), University of South Australia, Adelaide\/Mawson Lakes, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Application Center of Indonesian Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jakarta 13710, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8316-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Scarce Resources and Circular Economy (ScaRCE), University of South Australia, Adelaide\/Mawson Lakes, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eriita","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Scarce Resources and Circular Economy (ScaRCE), University of South Australia, Adelaide\/Mawson Lakes, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Rokhis","family":"Khomarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Application Center of Indonesian Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jakarta 13710, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orbita","family":"Roswintiarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Technology and Data Center of Indonesian Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Jakarta 13710, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x","article-title":"Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool","volume":"17","author":"Page","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. 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