{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:03:12Z","timestamp":1790521392391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019J01396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J01396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escape probability of Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) can be remotely estimated using reflectance measurements based on spectral invariants theory. This can then be used to correct the effects of canopy structure on canopy-leaving SIF. However, the feasibility of these estimation methods is untested in heterogeneous vegetation such as the discontinuous forest canopy layer under evaluation here. In this study, the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is used to simulate canopy-leaving SIF, canopy total emitted SIF, canopy interceptance, and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) in order to evaluate the estimation methods of SIF escape probability in discontinuous forest canopies. Our simulation results show that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be used to partly eliminate the effects of background reflectance on the estimation of SIF escape probability in most cases, but fails to produce accurate estimations if the background is partly or totally covered by vegetation. We also found that SIF escape probabilities estimated at a high solar zenith angle have better estimation accuracy than those estimated at a lower solar zenith angle. Our results show that additional errors will be introduced to the estimation of SIF escape probability with the use of satellite products, especially when the product of leaf area index (LAI) and clumping index (CI) was underestimated. In other results, fAPAR has comparable estimation accuracy of SIF escape probability when compared to canopy interceptance. Additionally, fAPAR for the entire canopy has better estimation accuracy of SIF escape probability than fPAR for leaf only in sparse forest canopies. These results help us to better understand the current estimation results of SIF escape probability based on spectral invariants theory, and to improve its estimation accuracy in discontinuous forest canopies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T20:09:40Z","timestamp":1607026180000},"page":"3962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Simulation-Based Evaluation of the Estimation Methods of Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Escape Probability in Discontinuous Forest Canopies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shezhou","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7670-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)\/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Gastellu-Etchegorry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of the Biosphere from Space (CESBIO; CNRS; CNES; IRD; University Paul Sabatier), University of Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru191","article-title":"Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: Mechanisms and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Atherton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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