{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:50:18Z","timestamp":1768927818564,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The quality of the Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System (DUACS) Sentinel-3A altimeter data in the coastal area of the European seas is investigated through a comparison with in situ tide gauge measurements. The comparison was also conducted using altimetry data from Jason-3 for inter-comparison purposes. We found that Sentinel-3A improved the root mean square differences (RMSD) by 13% with respect to the Jason-3 mission. In addition, the variance in the differences between the two datasets was reduced by 25%. To explain the improved capture of Sea Level Anomaly by Sentinel-3A in the coastal band, the impact of the measurement noise on the synthetic aperture radar altimeter, the distance to the coast, and Long Wave Error correction applied on altimetry data were checked. The results confirmed that the synthetic aperture radar altimeter instrument onboard the Sentinel-3A mission better solves the signal in the coastal band. Moreover, the Long Wave Error processing contributes to reduce the errors in altimetry, enhancing the consistency between the altimeter and in situ datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T11:59:00Z","timestamp":1607083140000},"page":"3970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of DUACS Sentinel-3A Altimetry Data in the Coastal Band of the European Seas: Comparison with Tide Gauge Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2432-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mediterr\u00e1neo de Estudios Avanzados, C\/Miquel Marqu\u00e8s, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ananda","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mediterr\u00e1neo de Estudios Avanzados, C\/Miquel Marqu\u00e8s, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marie-Isabelle","family":"Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, Parc Technologique du Canal, 8-10 rue Herm\u00e8s, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Taburet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, Parc Technologique du Canal, 8-10 rue Herm\u00e8s, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mediterr\u00e1neo de Estudios Avanzados, C\/Miquel Marqu\u00e8s, 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de F\u00edsica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3764-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannice","family":"Faug\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collecte Localisation Satellites, Parc Technologique du Canal, 8-10 rue Herm\u00e8s, 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.5194\/os-9-901-2013","article-title":"From satellite altimetry to Argo and operational oceanography: Three revolutions in oceanography","volume":"9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2014.06.041","article-title":"Towards the 1 mm\/y stability of the radial orbit error at regional scales","volume":"55","author":"Couhert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-1067-2016","article-title":"DUACS DT2014: The new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years","volume":"12","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5194\/os-13-13-2017","article-title":"Observability of fine-scale ocean dynamics in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"13","author":"Morrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1207-2019","article-title":"DUACS DT2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products","volume":"15","author":"Taburet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-019-09569-1","article-title":"Satellite Altimetry Measurements of Sea Level in the Coastal Zone","volume":"40","author":"Vignudelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9392-0","article-title":"Monitoring sea level in the coastal zone with satellite altimetry and tide gauges","volume":"38","author":"Cipollini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Restano, M., Passaro, M., and Benveniste, J. (2018). New achievements in coastal altimetry. Eos.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EO106087"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2016.11.005","article-title":"Coastal applications from nadir altimetry: Example of the X-TRACK regional products","volume":"59","author":"Birol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A.G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Tide predictions in shelf and coastal waters: Status and prospects. Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-787-2016","article-title":"Core operational Sentinel-3 marine data product services as part of the Copernicus Space Component","volume":"12","author":"Bonekamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718861","article-title":"The delay\/Doppler radar altimeter","volume":"36","author":"Raney","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heslop, E.-E., S\u00e1nchez-Rom\u00e1n, A., Pascual, A., Rodr\u00edguez, D., Reeve, K.-A., Faug\u00e8re, Y., and Raynal, M. (2017). Sentinel-3A views ocean variability more accurately at finer resolution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44.","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076244"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111548","article-title":"Validation of Sentinel-3A SAR mode sea level anomalies around the Australian coastal region","volume":"237","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.12.018","article-title":"Coastal SAR and PLRM altimetry in German Bight and west Baltic Sea","volume":"62","author":"Dinardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, July 06). AVISO+, Along-Track Level-2+ (L2P) SLA Product Handbook, v1.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/documents\/data\/tools\/hdbk_L2P_all_missions_except_S3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dibarboure, G., and Pujol, M.-I. (2019). Improving the quality of Sentinel-3A with a hybrid mean sea surface model, and implications for Sentinel-3B and SWOT. Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"CMEMS (2020, August 25). QUID for Sea Level TAC DUACS Products. Available online: https:\/\/resources.marine.copernicus.eu\/documents\/QUID\/CMEMS-SL-QUID-008-032-062.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2012.718226","article-title":"Comparing Altimetry with Tide Gauges and Argo Profiling Floats for Data Quality Assessment and Mean Sea Level Studies","volume":"35","author":"Valladeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000502","article-title":"Vertical land motion as a key to understanding sea level change and variability","volume":"54","author":"Marcos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"PSMSL (2020, July 10). Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level: \u201cTide Gauge Data\u201d. Available online: http:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/data\/obtaining\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2018, October 04). SALP Annual Report (2017) of Mean Sea Level Activities, Edn. 1.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/documents\/calval\/validation_report\/SALP-RP-MA-EA-23189-CLS_AnnualReport_2017_MSL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L02611","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024633","article-title":"Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combining four satellite altimeters","volume":"33","author":"Pascual","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHO556.1","article-title":"On the quality of real-time altimeter gridded fields: Comparison with in situ data","volume":"26","author":"Pascual","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.04.027","article-title":"Improved satellite altimeter mapped sea level anomalies in the Mediterranean Sea: A comparison with tide gauges","volume":"56","author":"Marcos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2004.12.004","article-title":"Mesoscale mapping capabilities of multisatellite altimeter missions: First results with real data in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"65","author":"Pascual","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Caldwell, P.C., Merrifield, M.A., and Thompson, P.R. (2015). Sea Level Measured by Tide Gauges from Global Oceans\u2014The Joint Archive for Sea Level Holdings, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (NCEI Accession 0019568); Version 5.5."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Codiga, D.L. (2011). Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the UTide Matlab Functions, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. Technical Report 2011-01."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Modeling the barotropic response of the global ocean to atmospheric wind and pressure forcing\u2014Comparisons with observations","volume":"30","author":"Lyard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Carr\u00e8re, L., Faug\u00e8re, Y., Bronner, E., and Benveniste, J. (2011, January 19\u201321). Improving the dynamic atmospheric correction for mean sea level and operational applications of altimetry. Proceedings of the 2011 Ocean Surface Topography Science Team (OSTST) meeting, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1029\/98RG02638","article-title":"Postglacial Variations in the Level of the Sea: Implications for Climate Dynamics and Solid-Earth Geophysics","volume":"36","author":"Peltier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359","article-title":"Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G(VM2) model and GRACE","volume":"32","author":"Peltier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5194\/os-13-223-2017","article-title":"On the mesoscale monitoring capability of Argo floats in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"13","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"54","article-title":"Bootstrap Methods for Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and Other Measures of Statistical Accuracy","volume":"1","author":"Efron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8741","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB00104","article-title":"A Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shoreline Database","volume":"101","author":"Wessel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oper. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Raynal, M., Labroue, S., Orsztynowicz, M., Picot, N., Guillot, A., and Boy, F. (November, January 31). Sentinel-6A Delay Doppler Processing: Assessment over the Global Ocean. Proceedings of the SAR Workshop 2016, La Rochelle, France."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreau, T., Cadier, E., Boy, F., Aublanc, J., Rieu, P., Raynal, M., Labroue, S., Thibaut, P., Dibarboure, G., and Picot, N. (2020). High-performance altimeter Doppler processing for measuring sea level height under varying sea state conditions. Adv. Space Res., Under review.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.12.038"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Retracking altimeter waveforms near the coasts. Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, July 06). CMEMS INS QUID for Near Real Time IN SITU Products. Available online: http:\/\/marine.copernicus.eu\/documents\/QUID\/CMEMS-INS-QUID-013-030-036.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Fenoglio, L., Dinardo, S., Uebbing, B., Buchhaupt, C., Scharroo, R., Kusche, J., and Benveniste, J. (2019, January 7\u20139). Water level retreival from Sentinel-3. Proceedings of the 5th S3VT Meeting, Frascati, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Mertikas, S., and Pail, R. (2019). Calibrating CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3A Sea Surface Heights along the German coast. Fiducial Reference Measurements for Altimetry. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Springer."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birgiel, E., Ellmann, A., and Delpeche-Ellmann, N. (2018, January 21\u201323). Examining the Performance of the Sentinel-3 Coastal Altimetry in the Baltic Sea Using a Regional High- Resolution Geoid Model. Proceedings of the 2018 Baltic Geodetic Congress (Geomatics), University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/BGC-Geomatics.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.55-4.787","article-title":"Seasonal variability of the Baltic Sea level","volume":"55","author":"Stramska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanologia"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/23\/3970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:41:32Z","timestamp":1760179292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/23\/3970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12233970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12233970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]}}}