{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T21:20:32Z","timestamp":1768425632432,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake occurred in the central Himalayan collisional orogenic belt, which demonstrated complex fault kinematics and significant surface deformation. The coseismic deformation has been well documented by previous studies using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. However, due to some limitations of spatially sparse GPS stations and InSAR only-one-dimensional observation in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction, the complete distribution and detailed spatial variation of the three-dimensional surface deformation field are still not fully understood. In this study, we reconstructed the three-dimensional coseismic deformation fields using multi-view InSAR observations and investigated the refined surface deformation characteristics during this event. We firstly obtained four ascending and descending InSAR coseismic deformation maps from both Sentinel-1A\/B and ALOS-2 data. Secondly, we obtained the synthetic north-south deformation field from our best-fitting slip distribution inversions. Finally, we calculated three-dimensional deformation fields, which were consistent with coseismic GPS displacements but with higher resolution. We found that the surface deformation is dominated by horizontal southward motion and vertical uplift and subsidence, with minor east-west deformation. In the north-south direction, the whole deformation area reaches at least 150 \u00d7 150 km with a maximum displacement of ~1.5 m. In the vertical direction, two areas, including uplift in the south and subsidence in the north, are mapped with a peak displacement of 1.5 and \u22121.0 m, respectively. East-west deformation presented a four-quadrant distribution with a maximum displacement of ~0.6 m. Complex thrusting movement occurred on the seismogenic fault; overall, there was southward push motion and wave-shaped fold motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T21:37:42Z","timestamp":1607377062000},"page":"3982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["InSAR 3-D Coseismic Displacement Field of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal Earthquake: Insights into Complex Fault Kinematics during the Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4060-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3237-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinjian","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dezheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanchuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2623","article-title":"Himalayan megathrust geometry and relation to topography revealed by the Gorkha earthquake","volume":"9","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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