{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:32:40Z","timestamp":1772692360031,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]],"date-time":"2020-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-based precipitation estimates with high quality and spatial-temporal resolutions play a vital role in forcing global or regional meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural models, which are especially useful over large poorly gauged regions. In this study, we apply various statistical indicators to comprehensively analyze the quality and compare the performance of five newly released satellite and reanalysis precipitation products against China Merged Precipitation Analysis (CMPA) rain gauge data, respectively, with 0.1\u00b0 \u00d7 0.1\u00b0 spatial resolution and two temporal scales (daily and hourly) over southern China from June to August in 2019. These include Precipitation Estimates from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5-Land), Fengyun-4 (FY-4A), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG). Results indicate that: (1) all five products overestimate the accumulated rainfall in the summer, with FY-4A being the most severe; additionally, FY-4A cannot capture the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of precipitation over southern China. (2) IMERG and GSMaP perform better than the other three datasets at both daily and hourly scales; IMERG correlates slightly better than GSMaP against CMPA data, while it performs worse than GSMaP in terms of probability of detection (POD). (3) ERA5-Land performs better than PERSIANN-CCS and FY-4A at daily scale but shows the worst correlation coefficient (CC), false alarm ratio (FAR), and equitable threat score (ETS) of all precipitation products at hourly scale. (4) The rankings of overall performance on precipitation estimations for this region are IMERG, GSMaP, ERA5-Land, PERSIANN-CCS, and FY-4A at daily scale; and IMERG, GSMaP, PERSIANN-CCS, FY-4A, and ERA5-Land at hourly scale. These findings will provide valuable feedback for improving the current satellite-based precipitation retrieval algorithms and also provide preliminary references for flood forecasting and natural disaster early warning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T21:37:42Z","timestamp":1607377062000},"page":"3997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Comprehensive Comparisons of State-of-the-Art Gridded Precipitation Estimates for Hydrological Applications over Southern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Water Resources and Environment Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area Water Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510610, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bensheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area Water Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510610, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Water Resources and Environment Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area Water Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510610, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area Water Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510610, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510610, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi, E., Eitzinger, J., and Dorigo, W.A. 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