{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T13:20:59Z","timestamp":1775222459714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA1907030302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA1907030302"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19050502, XDA20010201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19050502, XDA20010201"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research Projects of China","award":["2017YFA0604801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0604801"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The natural shift in land cover from non-vegetated to vegetated land is termed as vegetation expansion, which has substantial impacts on regional climate conditions and land surface energy balance. Barrens dominate the northwestern Tibetan Plateau, where vegetation is predicted to expand northwestward with the ongoing climate warming. However, rare studies have confirmed such a forecast with large-scale vegetation monitoring. In this study, we used a landcover dataset, classified according to the International Geosphere\u2013Biosphere Program criteria, to examine previous model-based predictions and the role of climate on the expansion rate across the plateau. Our results showed that shrublands, open forests, grasslands, and water bodies expanded while evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forests, croplands and barrens shrank during the period 2001\u20132018. Vegetation expanded by 33,566 km2 accounting for about 1.3% of the total area of this plateau and the land cover shifting from barrens to grasslands was the primary way of vegetation expansion. Spatially, the vegetation expanded northwestward to lands with colder, drier, and more radiation in the climate. Increasing precipitation positively correlated with the vegetation expansion rate for the arid and semi-arid northwest Tibetan Plateau and warming contributed to the vegetation expanding in the semi-humid southeast Tibetan Plateau. Our results verified the predictions of models and highlighted the \u201cgreening\u201d on barrens in recent years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1608512468000},"page":"4150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Vegetation Expansion on the Tibetan Plateau and Its Relationship with Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianshuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yongtao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Zu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"given":"Xianzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepin, N.C., and Lundquist, J.D. (2008). Temperature trends at high elevations: Patterns across the globe. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034026"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post, E., Alley, R.B., Christensen, T.R., Macias-Fauria, M., Forbes, B.C., Gooseff, M.N., Iler, A., Kerby, J.T., Laidre, K.L., and Mann, M.E. (2019). The polar regions in a 2 degrees C warmer world. Sci. Adv., 5.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw9883"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004","article-title":"Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Serreze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.01.020","article-title":"Relationship between temperature trend magnitude, elevation and mean temperature in the Tibetan Plateau from homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data","volume":"71","author":"You","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0688-1","article-title":"Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic","volume":"10","author":"Kerby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117368","article-title":"Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer warming","volume":"310","author":"Chapin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01355.x","article-title":"Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate warming","volume":"12","author":"Harsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodie, J.F., Roland, C.A., Stehn, S.E., and Smirnova, E. (2019). Variability in the expansion of trees and shrubs in boreal Alaska. Ecology, 100.","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2660"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers-Smith, I.H., Forbes, B.C., Wilmking, M., Hallinger, M., Lantz, T., Blok, D., Tape, K.D., Macias-Fauria, M., Sass-Klaassen, U., and Levesque, E. (2011). Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: Dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environ. Res. Lett., 6.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/045509"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blok, D., Schaepman-Strub, G., Bartholomeus, H., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Maximov, T.C., and Berendse, F. (2011). The response of Arctic vegetation to the summer climate: Relation between shrub cover, NDVI, surface albedo and temperature. Environ. Res. Lett., 6.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/3\/035502"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1858","article-title":"Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change","volume":"3","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2011.01925.x","article-title":"Increased plant productivity in Alaskan tundra as a result of experimental warming of soil and permafrost","volume":"100","author":"Natali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12129","article-title":"Long-term warming restructures Arctic tundra without changing net soil carbon storage","volume":"497","author":"Sistla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04514","article-title":"Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change","volume":"440","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., and Xue, Y. (2010). Simulated impacts of land cover change on summer climate in the Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Res. Lett., 5.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/015102"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3277","article-title":"Weakening temperature control on the interannual variations of spring carbon uptake across northern lands","volume":"7","author":"Piao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2012.04.002","article-title":"Third Pole Environment (TPE)","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, S.C., Xu, Y.W., You, Q.L., Flugel, W.A., Pepin, N., and Yao, T.D. (2010). Review of climate and cryospheric change in the Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Res. Lett., 5.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/015101"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024728","article-title":"Review on climate change on the Tibetan Plateau during the last half century","volume":"121","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2124","article-title":"Large-scale circulations and Tibetan Plateau summer drought and wetness in a high-resolution climate model","volume":"31","author":"Bothe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, G.X., Liu, Y.M., He, B., Bao, Q., Duan, A.M., and Jin, F.F. (2012). Thermal Controls on the Asian Summer Monsoon. Sci. Rep., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00404"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-040809-152456","article-title":"Orographic Controls on Climate and Paleoclimate of Asia: Thermal and Mechanical Roles for the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"38","author":"Molnar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3585-1","article-title":"The link between Tibetan Plateau monsoon and Indian summer precipitation: A linear diagnostic perspective","volume":"49","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Wen, J., Wang, X., Jia, D.Y., and Chen, J.L. (2016). Analysis of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Monsoon Evolution and Its Linkages with Soil Moisture. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060493"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504418112","article-title":"Evaporative cooling over the Tibetan Plateau induced by vegetation growth","volume":"112","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173004","article-title":"Phenology Feedbacks on Climate Change","volume":"324","author":"Penuelas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.02.001","article-title":"Cryospheric change in China","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12277","article-title":"The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-42.4.449","article-title":"Evidence of Warming and Wetting Climate over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-009-0215-9","article-title":"Warming and drying trends on the Tibetan Plateau (1971\u20132005)","volume":"101","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4517","article-title":"Observed trend of diurnal temperature range in the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades","volume":"36","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, A., and Wu, G. (2006). Change of cloud amount and the climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027946"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09364","article-title":"The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in China","volume":"467","author":"Piao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0471.1","article-title":"Why Has the Inner Tibetan Plateau Become Wetter since the Mid-1990s?","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012490107","article-title":"Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"107","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13301","article-title":"Strong impacts of daily minimum temperature on the green-up date and summer greenness of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Wu, J., He, Y., Wu, L., Niu, B., Song, M., and Zhang, X. (2020). Dimensionality of grassland stability shifts along with altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol., 291.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108080"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700299114","article-title":"Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.06.016","article-title":"Altitude and temperature dependence of change in the spring vegetation green-up date from 1982 to 2006 in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"151","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1087-1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in the net primary production of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau since 1982","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00321.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Global Climate Models in the CMIP5 over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2000)020[0080:ASOBOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A simulation of biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and their responses to global climate change","volume":"20","author":"Ni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-011-0228-7","article-title":"Vegetation distribution on Tibetan Plateau under climate change scenario","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg. Envir. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.131","article-title":"Climate change and its impacts on vegetation distribution and net primary productivity of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"554\u2013555","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14919","article-title":"Vegetation expansion in the subnival Hindu Kush Himalaya","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Earth Observation based global long term vegetation trends\u2014Comparing GIMMS and MODIS global NDVI time series","volume":"119","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwv070","article-title":"Multispherical interactions and their effects on the Tibetan Plateau\u2019s earth system: A review of the recent researches","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3512","article-title":"Variability of temperature in the Tibetan Plateau based on homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data","volume":"33","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2310-6","article-title":"Comparison of multiple datasets with gridded precipitation observations over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"45","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1383-3","article-title":"Decadal variation of surface solar radiation in the Tibetan Plateau from observations, reanalysis and model simulations","volume":"40","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.013","article-title":"Hierarchical mapping of annual global land cover 2001 to present: The MODIS Collection 6 Land Cover product","volume":"222","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.016","article-title":"MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets","volume":"114","author":"Friedl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2463689","article-title":"Improving the Consistency of Multitemporal Land Cover Maps Using a Hidden Markov Model","volume":"54","author":"Abercrombie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00003-2","article-title":"Using prior probabilities in decision-tree classification of remotely sensed data","volume":"81","author":"McIver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hutchinson, M. (2004). Anusplin Version 4.3, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, The Australian National University."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.002","article-title":"The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-019-02830-y","article-title":"Optimization and evaluation of a monthly air temperature and precipitation gridded dataset with a 0.025 degrees spatial resolution in China during 1951\u20132011","volume":"138","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1980)108<1122:SNMMFV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Some new mathematical-methods for variational objective analysis using splines and cross validation","volume":"108","author":"Wahba","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Yang, K., He, J., Qin, J., Shi, J., Du, J., and He, Q. (2011). Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015921"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.08.004","article-title":"On downward shortwave and longwave radiations over high altitude regions: Observation and modeling in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"150","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601169899","article-title":"An evaluation of void-filling interpolation methods for SRTM data","volume":"21","author":"Reuter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14432","article-title":"Mismatch in elevational shifts between satellite observed vegetation greenness and temperature isolines during 2000\u20132016 on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01497","article-title":"Projection of future monsoon precipitation over the central Himalayas by CMIP5 models under warming scenarios","volume":"75","author":"Kadel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.399","article-title":"Increasing sensitivity of alpine grasslands to climate variability along an elevational gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"678","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0842.1","article-title":"Recent Changes in the Moisture Source of Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E64","DOI":"10.1111\/1442-1984.12031","article-title":"Variation of biomass and morphology of the cushion plant Androsace tapete along an elevational gradient in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Spec. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141270","article-title":"Rapid urbanization and its driving mechanism in the Pan-Third Pole region","volume":"750","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2435-3","article-title":"Warming slowdown over the Tibetan plateau in recent decades","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.339","article-title":"Climate change leads to a doubling of turbidity in a rapidly expanding Tibetan lake","volume":"688","author":"Mi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.01.003","article-title":"Coherent lake growth on the central Tibetan Plateau since the 1970s: Characterization and attribution","volume":"483","author":"Lei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12961","article-title":"Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Wu, J., Song, C., He, Y., Niu, B., Fu, G., Tarolli, P., Tietjen, B., and Zhang, X. (2019). Temporal Variability of Precipitation and Biomass of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030360"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Zu, J., and Zhang, J. (2016). The Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"260","article-title":"Climate Change Projection on the Tibetan Plateau: Results of CMIP5 Models","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/24\/4150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:04Z","timestamp":1760179624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/24\/4150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12244150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12244150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]}}}