{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:22:59Z","timestamp":1776378179392,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41631073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20170818104822282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20170818104822282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-time precise point positioning (RTPPP) is a popular positioning method that uses a real-time service (RTS) product to mitigate various Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) errors. However, communication links are not available in the ocean. The use of a communication satellite for data transmission is so expensive that normal users could not afford it. The BeiDou short-message service provides an efficient option for data transmission at sea, with an annual fee of approximately 160 USD. To perform RTPPP using BeiDou short messages, the following two challenges should be appropriately addressed: the maximum size of each BeiDou message is 78 bytes, and the communication frequency is limited to once a minute. We simplify the content of RTS data to minimize the required bandwidth. Moreover, the orbit and clock corrections are predicted based on minute-interval RTS orbital and clock corrections. An experiment was conducted to test the performance of the proposed method. The numerical results show that the three-dimensional positioning precision can reach approximately 0.4 m with combined GPS + GLONASS and approximately 0.2 m with combined GPS + GLONASS + Galileo + BeiDou.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1608512468000},"page":"4167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ocean Real-Time Precise Point Positioning with the BeiDou Short-Message Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaifei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duojie","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengyue","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8684-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710699, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0369-5","article-title":"IGS RTS precise orbits and clocks verification and quality degradation over time","volume":"19","author":"Hadas","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"183","article-title":"Real-time working group and real-time pilot project","volume":"2011","author":"Caissy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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