{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:08:38Z","timestamp":1772554118162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000162","name":"Division of Antarctic Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANT-1255488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANT-1255488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000162","name":"Division of Antarctic Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANT-1543530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANT-1543530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A longer temporal scale of Antarctic observations is vital to better understanding glacier dynamics and improving ice sheet model projections. One underutilized data source that expands the temporal scale is aerial photography, specifically imagery collected prior to 1990. However, processing Antarctic historical aerial imagery using modern photogrammetry software is difficult, as it requires precise information about the data collection process and extensive in situ ground control is required. Often, the necessary orientation metadata for older aerial imagery is lost and in situ data collection in regions like Antarctica is extremely difficult to obtain, limiting the use of traditional photogrammetric methods. Here, we test an alternative methodology to generate elevations from historical Antarctic aerial imagery. Instead of relying on pre-existing ground control, we use structure-from-motion photogrammetry techniques to process the imagery with manually derived ground control from high-resolution satellite imagery. This case study is based on vertical aerial image sets collected over Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica in December 1978 and January 1979. Our results are the oldest, highest resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) ever generated for an Antarctic glacier. We use these DEMs to estimate glacier dynamics and show that surface elevation of Byrd Glacier has been constant for the past \u223c40 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T12:19:51Z","timestamp":1608725991000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry of Antarctic Historical Aerial Photographs in Conjunction with Ground Control Derived from Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0677-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Child","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh A.","family":"Stearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3627-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5458-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry H.","family":"Brecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Anisimov, O.A., Vaughan, D.G., Callaghan, T.V., Furgal, C., Marchant, H., Prowse, T.D., Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, H., and Walsh, J. (2007). Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stocker, T., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, G.K., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Observations: Cryosphere. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A., Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., and Muelbert, M. (2020, December 16). Polar Regions. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srocc\/cite-report\/."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"821","article-title":"Demonstration of the Peninsularity of Palmer Land, Antarctica, Through Ellsworth\u2019s Flight of 1935","volume":"82","author":"Joerg","year":"1940","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"32","article-title":"Mapping by aerial Photography in Antarctica","volume":"20","author":"Richter","year":"1943","journal-title":"Int. Hydrogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104235","article-title":"Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century","volume":"308","author":"Cook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2008.00463.x","article-title":"Unlocking the time capsule of historic aerial photography to measure changes in Antarctic Peninsula glaciers","volume":"23","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem","volume":"112","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1481","article-title":"An aerial view of 80 years of climate-related glacier fluctuations in southeast Greenland","volume":"5","author":"Korsgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.11.003","article-title":"Reconstructing morphometric change in a proglacial landscape using historical aerial photography and automated DEM generation","volume":"88","author":"Schiefer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"277","article-title":"Precise DEM extraction from Svalbard using 1936 high oblique imagery. Geoscientific Instrumentation","volume":"7","author":"Girod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Nielsen, N.I. (2017). Recovering Data with Digital Photogrammetry and Image Analysis Using Open Source Software. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Oslo]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"86","article-title":"Byrd Glacier: 1978\u20131979 field results","volume":"16","author":"Hughes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Antarct. J. US"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"79","article-title":"Photographic determination of surface velocities and elevations on Byrd Glacier","volume":"17","author":"Brecher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Antarct. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbini, S., Bianchi-Fasani, G., Mazzanti, P., Rocca, A., Vittuari, L., Zanutta, A., Girelli, V.A., Serafini, M., Zirizzotti, A., and Frezzotti, M. (2019). Multi-Temporal Investigation of the Boulder Clay Glacier and Northern Foothills (Victoria Land, Antarctica) by Integrated Surveying Techniques. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121501"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/209074","article-title":"The Flight to Marie Byrd Land: With a Description of the Map","volume":"23","author":"Byrd","year":"1933","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.2307\/210328","article-title":"The cartographical results of Ellsworth\u2019s trans-Antarctic flight of 1935","volume":"27","author":"Joerg","year":"1937","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"USGS (2020, December 16). USGS EROS Archive-Aerial Photography-Antarctic Single Frame Records, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/eros\/science\/usgs-eros-archive-aerial-photography-antarctic-single-frame-records?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812883116","article-title":"Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979\u20132017","volume":"116","author":"Rignot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Stearns, L.A. (2007). Outlet Glacier Dynamics in East Greenland and East Antarctica. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maine]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Taymen, W. (1978). Report of Calibration of Aerial Mapping Camera: Wild Heerbrugg RC8, United States Department of the Interior. Technical Report RT-R\/399."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-665-2019","article-title":"The reference elevation model of Antarctica","volume":"13","author":"Howat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2015.1008621","article-title":"Automated stereo-photogrammetric DEM generation at high latitudes: Surface Extraction with TIN-based Search-space Minimization (SETSM) validation and demonstration over glaciated regions","volume":"52","author":"Noh","year":"2015","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"DigitalGlobe (2014). Geolocation Accuracy of WorldView Products, DigtialGlobe. White Paper."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.04.019","article-title":"The surface extraction from TIN based search-space minimization (SETSM) algorithm","volume":"129","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06017003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000245","article-title":"Arctic high-resolution elevation models: Accuracy in sloped and vegetated terrain","volume":"144","author":"Glennie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-271-2011","article-title":"Co-registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation data sets for quantifying glacier thickness change","volume":"5","author":"Nuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.038","article-title":"Error sources and guidelines for quality assessment of glacier area, elevation change, and velocity products derived from satellite data in the Glaciers_cci project","volume":"203","author":"Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-1665-2016","article-title":"An automated methodology for differentiating rock from snow, clouds and sea in Antarctica from Landsat 8 imagery: A new rock outcrop map and area estimation for the entire Antarctic continent","volume":"10","author":"Black","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12751","DOI":"10.1029\/JB092iB12p12751","article-title":"Strategies for high-precision Global Positioning System orbit determination","volume":"92","author":"Lichten","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11249","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB00327","article-title":"Detection of transient motions with the Global Positioning System","volume":"101","author":"Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El\u00f3segui, P., Davis, J.L., Oberlander, D., Baena, R., and Ekstr\u00f6m, G. (2006). Accuracy of high-rate GPS for seismology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026065"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"CReSIS (2020). Radar Depth Sounder Data Products, CReSIS."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG14J129","article-title":"Bed topography of Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6, Greenland, and Byrd Glacier, Antarctica","volume":"60","author":"Gogineni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu140","article-title":"The Antarctica component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based on GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative sea level histories","volume":"198","author":"Argus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011176","article-title":"Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model","volume":"120","author":"Peltier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.76.4.429","article-title":"Effect of sun elevation angle on DSMs derived from Cartosat-1 data","volume":"76","author":"Martha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.043","article-title":"The glaciers climate change initiative: Methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products","volume":"162","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"McNabb, R. (2019). PyBob: A Python Package of Geospatial Tools, Github. Version 0.25."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.12.002","article-title":"Assessment of photogrammetric mapping accuracy based on variation ground control points number using unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"98","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Ablanedo, E., Chandler, J., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J., and Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C. (2018). Accuracy of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and SfM photogrammetry survey as a function of the number and location of ground control points used. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101606"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gindraux, S., Boesch, R., and Farinotti, D. (2017). Accuracy assessment of digital surface models from unmanned aerial vehicles\u2019 imagery on glaciers. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020186"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin, T.N., and Midgley, N.G. (2016). Ground-control networks for image based surface reconstruction: An investigation of optimum survey designs using UAV derived imagery and structure-from-motion photogrammetry. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090786"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-017-0027-2","article-title":"MicMac\u2014A free, open-source solution for photogrammetry","volume":"2","author":"Rupnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(97)00005-1","article-title":"Digital camera self-calibration","volume":"52","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"298","article-title":"Bundle adjustment\u2014A modern synthesis","volume":"Volume 1883","author":"Triggs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Algorithms: Theory and Practice; Proceedings\/International Workshop on Vision Algorithms"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-159-2016","article-title":"Geodetic mass balance record with rigorous uncertainty estimates deduced from aerial photographs and LiDAR data-case study from Drangaj\u00f6kull ice cap, NW-Iceland","volume":"10","author":"Belart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"CloudCompare (2020, December 16). CloudCompare Version 2.6.1\u2013User Manual; Technical Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.cloudcompare.org\/doc\/qCC\/CloudCompare%20v2.6.1%20-%20User%20manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3189\/002214309788609001","article-title":"Optimizing photogrammetric DEMs for glacier volume change assessment using laser-scanning derived ground-control points","volume":"55","author":"Barrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Child, S.F. (2020). Long-Term Records of Antarctic Outlet Glacier Dynamics from Historic Data and Novel Remote Sensing Techniques. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kansas]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S095410200999023X","article-title":"Mapping the grounding zone of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica using InSAR, MODIS and ICESat","volume":"51","author":"Fricker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3189\/172756410791392790","article-title":"Mapping the grounding zone of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using ICESat laser altimetry","volume":"51","author":"Brunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90101-O","article-title":"Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data","volume":"42","author":"Scambos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1-2015","article-title":"UAV photogrammetry and structure from motion to assess calving dynamics at Store Glacier, a large outlet draining the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3189\/002214311796405942","article-title":"Mountain glacier velocity variation during a retreat\/advance cycle quantified using sub-pixel analysis of ASTER images","volume":"57","author":"Herman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.66","article-title":"Modeling the WorldView-derived seasonal velocity evolution of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska","volume":"62","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v114\/i04\/776-784","article-title":"Temporal change and flow velocity estimation of Patseo glacier, Western Himalaya, India","volume":"114","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sci. (00113891)"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.888937","article-title":"Automatic and precise orthorectification, coregistration, and subpixel correlation of satellite images, application to ground deformation measurements","volume":"45","author":"Leprince","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, C., Feng, G., Li, Z., Shan, X., Du, Y., and Wang, H. (2016). Spatio-temporal error sources analysis and accuracy improvement in landsat 8 image ground displacement measurements. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110937"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.04.004","article-title":"Improved optical image matching time series inversion approach for monitoring dune migration in North Sinai Sand Sea: Algorithm procedure, application, and validation","volume":"164","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Adler, R.K. (1963). Photogrammetric Measurement of Ice Movement for Glaciological Studies of the Byrd Glacier, Antarctic Region. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Ohio State University Research Foundation]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3189\/172756405781813393","article-title":"A new velocity map for Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica, from sequential ASTER satellite imagery","volume":"41","author":"Stearns","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3189\/172756411799096187","article-title":"Dynamics and mass balance of four large East Antarctic outlet glaciers","volume":"52","author":"Stearns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"NIMA (2000). National Imagery and Mapping Agency Technical Report 8350.2, Department of Defense. Technical Report 8350.2."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Boyle, M.J. (1987). World Geodetic System 1984: It\u2019s Definition and Relationship with Local Geodetic Systems, Department of Defense. DMA Technical Report 83502.2."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schenk, T., Csatho, B., van der Veen, C.J., Brecher, H.H., Ahn, Y., and Yoon, T. (2005). Registering imagery to ICESat data for measuring elevation changes on Byrd Glacier, Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024328"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG14J052","article-title":"Flow dynamics of Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica","volume":"60","author":"Stearns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoof, C. (2007). Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and hysteresis. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000664"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0082-z","article-title":"Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding lines","volume":"11","author":"Konrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3189\/1994AoG20-1-372-376","article-title":"Investigating tidal flexure on an ice shelf using kinematic GPS","volume":"20","author":"Vaughan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlis, N.K., Holmes, S.A., Kenyon, S.C., and Factor, J.K. (2012). The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008916"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG13J116","article-title":"On the formation of blue ice on Byrd Glacier, Antarctica","volume":"60","author":"Ligtenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3189\/002214311796905659","article-title":"Antarctic ice-shelf thickness from satellite radar altimetry","volume":"57","author":"Griggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, T., and Joughin, I. (2008). Changes in ice front position on Greenland\u2019s outlet glaciers from 1992 to 2007. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000927"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Evidence from ice shelves for channelized meltwater flow beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet","volume":"6","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Scambos, T.A., Fahnestock, M., Moon, T., Gardner, A., and Klinger, M. (2020, December 16). Ice Speed of Antarctica (LISA), Version 1. [2016\u20132017]. Available online: https:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/NSIDC-0733\/versions\/1."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arthern, R.J., Winebrenner, D.P., and Vaughan, D.G. (2006). Antarctic snow accumulation mapped using polarization of 4.3-cm wavelength microwave emission. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005667"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2-247-2010","article-title":"An improved Antarctic dataset for high resolution numerical ice sheet models (ALBMAP v1)","volume":"2","author":"Payne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"269","article-title":"Photogrammetry Fundamentals and Standard Processes. Vol. 1","volume":"4","author":"Kraus","year":"1993","journal-title":"D\u00fcmmler Bonn"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R. (2007). Remote sensing of the environment: An earth resource perspective, Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"41","article-title":"Understanding coordinate reference systems, datums and transformations","volume":"5","author":"Janssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"ICSM (2014). Geocentric Datum of Australia: Technical Manual, Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping. Technical Manual 2.4."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.012","article-title":"An automated, open-source pipeline for mass production of digital elevation models (DEMs) from very-high-resolution commercial stereo satellite imagery","volume":"116","author":"Shean","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.66","article-title":"Reanalysis of the US Geological Survey Benchmark Glaciers: Long-term insight into climate forcing of glacier mass balance","volume":"65","author":"McNeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.02.003","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods","volume":"64","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954102003001664","article-title":"Surface \u201cwaves\u201d on Byrd Glacier, Antarctica","volume":"15","author":"Reusch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antarct. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070942","article-title":"Rapid bottom melting widespread near Antarctic ice sheet grounding lines","volume":"296","author":"Rignot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2675","article-title":"Impacts of warm water on Antarctic ice shelf stability through basal channel formation","volume":"9","author":"Alley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao7212","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao7212","article-title":"Basal channels drive active surface hydrology and transverse ice shelf fracture","volume":"4","author":"Dow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066612","article-title":"High basal melting forming a channel at the grounding line of Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica","volume":"43","author":"Marsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0179-y","article-title":"Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017","volume":"558","author":"Shepherd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/21\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:41Z","timestamp":1760179721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13010021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13010021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}