{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:30:16Z","timestamp":1760239816867,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The topic of military settlements and the role of troops in the northern provinces of North Africa during the age of the Roman Empire has recently gained a strong interest in historical, archaeological, epigraphical, and economic studies. In particular, at Mauretania Tingitana (in the north-east area of modern-day Morocco), the presence of numerous military camps in the Early and Later Roman Empire has now been assessed. In this framework, the present work deals with the geophysical survey, by means of magnetometry, at the site of el Benian, where the largest military camp is located. In particular, the magnetic survey has highlighted the organization of the camp, almost totally unknown previously. The result of the magnetic survey has confirmed intense building activity over the centuries and made it possible to identify and characterize the structures typical of a military field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T12:19:51Z","timestamp":1608725991000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Magnetic Survey at the Roman Military Camp of el Benian in Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco): Results and Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Martorella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3406\/crai.2010.92841","article-title":"Les fortifications de la Maur\u00e9tanie tingitane","volume":"154","author":"Akerraz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Inscriptions Belles Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2307\/501292","article-title":"Fossatum Africae, Recherches aeriennes sur l\u2019organisation des confins sahariens \u00e0 l\u2019epoque romaine","volume":"55","author":"Baradez","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am. J. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Benseddik, N. (1982). Les Troupes Auxiliaires en Mauritanie Cesarienne sous le Haut Empire, Publication autoris\u00e9e par le jury."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Erdkamp, P. (2007). L\u2019arm\u00e9e Romaine d\u2019Afrique et L\u2019occupation Militaire de l\u2019Afrique sous les Empereurs, Paris, A Companion to the Roman Army."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"573","article-title":"La fronti\u00e8re d\u2019Afrique 1976\u20131983, Studien zu den Milit\u00e4rgrenzen Roms III, 13","volume":"13","author":"Euzennat","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Limeskongress"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Fentress, E.W.B. (1979). Numidia and the Roman Army. Social, Military and Economic Aspects of the Frontier Zone, BAR."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Laporte, J.-P. (1989). Rapidum. Le Camp de la Cohorte des Sardes en Maur\u00e9tanie C\u00e9sarienne."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Le Bohec, Y. (2020, July 15). Les unit\u00e9s auxiliaires de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e romaine en Afrique proconsulaire et Numidie sous le Haut Empire. Available online: https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/etaf_0768-2352_1989_mon_3_1."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Le Bohec, Y. (1989). La troisi\u00e8me l\u00e9gion Auguste."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hanson, W.S., and Keppie, L.J.F. (1979). Un Nouveau type D\u2019unit\u00e9 Connu par L\u2019epigraphie Africaine, Roman Frontier Studie."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"139","article-title":"L\u2019ala Flavia ou ala I Flavia Numidica","volume":"15","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lib. Ant"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Le Bohec, Y. (2007). L\u2019Arm\u00e9e Romaine en Afrique et en Gaule, Franz Steiner Verlag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3406\/antaf.1991.1183","article-title":"La recherche r\u00e9cente sur l\u2019arm\u00e9e romaine d\u2019Afrique (1977\u20131989)","volume":"27","year":"1991","journal-title":"AntAfr"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Le Bohec, Y. (1987). La strat\u00e9gie de Rome en Afrique de 238 \u00e0 284, Histoire et Archeologie du l\u2019Afrique du Nord. 110e Congr\u00e9s national des Soci\u00e9tes Savantes (Montpellier 1985), Comit\u00e9 des travaux historiques et scientifiques (C.T.H.S.)."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"71","article-title":"Le pseudo \u201ccamp des auxiliaires\u201d \u00e0 Lamb\u00e8se","volume":"2","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arm\u00e9e Romaine Prov."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"474","article-title":"Au-del\u00e0 des camps romains d\u2019Afrique mineure: Renseignement, contr\u00f4le, penetration","volume":"II.10.2","author":"Rebuffat","year":"1982","journal-title":"ANRW"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"37","article-title":"Bu Njem 1972","volume":"13","author":"Rebuffat","year":"1977","journal-title":"Libya Antiqua"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebuffat, R. (1999). La fronti\u00e8re de la Tingitane. Hommages \u00e0 Pierre Salama, Publications de la Sorbonne.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.psorbonne.22703"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdkamp, P. (2002). The Corn Supply of the Roman Armies during the Principate (27 BC\u2014235 AD). The Roman Army and the Economy, Gieben.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004494374_004"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Erdkamp, P. (2009). The Grain Market. the Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"313","article-title":"L\u2019arm\u00e9e e l\u2019organisation de l\u2019espace urbain dans l\u2019Afrique Romaine d\u2019haut empire","volume":"11","year":"1992","journal-title":"L\u2019Africa Romana"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"233","article-title":"La conservazione delle derrate Nuove metodologie di indagine applicate allo studio di due magazzini di et\u00e0 imperiale (I-III d.C.) nelle citt\u00e0 di Thamusida e Banasa (Mauretania Tingitana, marocco)","volume":"9","author":"Martorella","year":"2020","journal-title":"HEROM J. Hell. Rom. Mater. Cult."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdkamp, P. (2002). Impact de l\u2019arm\u00e9e romaine sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019Afrique. The Roman Army and the Economy, Gieben.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004494374"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Garnsey, P., and Saller, R. (1987). The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"85","article-title":"Supplying Rome and the Empire","volume":"69","author":"Papi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rom. Archaeol. Suppl Portsm."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rickman, G. (1971). Roman Granaries and Store Buildings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Salido Dominguez, J. (2011). Horrea Militaria. El Aprovisionamiento de Grano al Ej\u00e9rcito en el Occidente del Imperio Romano, Ediciones Polifemo."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Akerraz, A., Lenoir, E., and Rebuffat, R. (1986). Plaine et montagne en Tingitane m\u00e9ridionale, Histoire et archeologie du Nord., Actes du IIIe Colloque Internationale (Montpellier, 1\u20135 avril 1985), Comit\u00e9 des travaux historiques et scientifiques (C.T.H.S.)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Akerraz, A., and Lenoir, E. (1990). Volubilis et son territoire au Ier si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re, dans L\u2019Afrique dans l\u2019Occident romain, Actes du Colloque (Rome, 3\u20135 d\u00e9cembre 1987), \u00c9cole Fran\u00e7aise de Rome."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Carcopino, J. (1943). Le Maroc Antique, Gallimard."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Colin, J. (1925). L\u2019occupation romaine du Maroc, Cours Pr\u00e9paratoire au Service des Affaires Indigenes (Direction G\u00e9nerale des Affaires Indig\u00e8nes)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mastino, A. (1987, January 11\u201313). L\u2019\u00e9dit de Banasa: Un document exceptionelle?. Proceedings of the L\u2019Africa romana 5, Atti del V Convegno di Studio, Sassari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Euzennat, M. (1989). Le limes de Tingitane: La Fronti\u00e8re M\u00e9ridonale, \u00c9tudes D\u2019antiquit\u00e9s Africaines."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3406\/ktema.2008.1119","article-title":"Caelestia animalia Mauretaniae: Una breve reflexion a proposito del edicto de Banasa","volume":"33","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ktema"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4000\/antafr.1888","article-title":"An urban warehouse for foodstuffs in the Iulia Valentia Banasa colony (Mauretania Tingitana, Morocco)","volume":"56","author":"Martorella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiquit\u00e9s Afr."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Rebuffat, R. (1986, January 12\u201314). L\u2019implantation militaire romaine en Maur\u00e9tanie Tingitane. Proceedings of the L\u2019Africa romana 4, Atti del IV Convegno di Studio, Sassari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebuffat, R., and et Limane, H. (2011). Carte archeologique du Maroc antique. 1. Le bassin du Sebou, Imprimerie El Maarif Al Jadida.","DOI":"10.4000\/nda.1414"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3406\/mefr.1998.2026","article-title":"L\u2019arm\u00e9e romaine de Maur\u00e9tanie tingitane","volume":"110-1","author":"Rebuffat","year":"1998","journal-title":"M\u00e9langes l\u2019\u00c9cole Fran\u00e7aise Rome Antiquit\u00e9"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Le discours oral du prince, M\u00e9langes de l\u2019\u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise de Rome","volume":"114-2","author":"Rebuffat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antiquit\u00e9"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Le Bohec, Y., and et Wolff, C. (2002, January 12\u201314). El ej\u00e9rcito romano en la provincia de Mauretania Tingitana entre Diocleciano y Valentiniano I. Proceedings of the L\u2019arm\u00e9e romaine de Diocletien \u00e0 Valentinien Ier, Lyon, Italy."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Villaverde Vega, N. (2001). Tingitana en la Antig\u00fcedad Tard\u00eda (siglos III-VII): Autocton\u00eda y Romanidad en el Extremo Occidente Mediterr\u00e1neo, R.A.H. Biblioteca Archaeologica Hispana."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lenoir, M. (2011). Le Camp Romain. Proche-Orient et Afrique du Nord, Biblioth\u00e8que des \u00c9cole fran\u00e7aises d\u2019Ath\u00e8nes et de Rome; \u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise de Rome."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tissot, C. (1878). Recherches sur la g\u00e9ographie compar\u00e9e de la Maur\u00e9tanie tingitane. M\u00e9moires Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par Divers Savants \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Imprimerie Nationale. 1e s\u00e9r., t.9.","DOI":"10.3406\/mesav.1878.1064"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ponsich, M. (1970). Recherches arch\u00e9ologiques \u00e0 Tanger et dans sa r\u00e9gion, \u00c9ditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Villaverde Vega, N. (1995). Recherches sur les camps romains du Maroc, campagne 1991. La strat\u00e9gie militaire du Bas-Empire en Maur\u00e9tanie tingitane. Actes du VIe Colloque International sur l\u2019histoire et l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie de l\u2019Afrique du Nord. Antique et M\u00e9di\u00e9vale, Pau, october 1993, CTHS."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Tarradell, M. (1953). El Benian, castellum romano entre Tetouan y Tanger, Tamuda 1."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masini, N., and Soldovieri, F. (2017). Geomagnetometry for Archaeology. Sensing the Past, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50518-3"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitken, M.J. (1958). Magnetic prospecting. I. The Water Newton Survey, Oxford University. Archaeometry 1.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.1958.tb00204.x"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1751","article-title":"Multiscale techniques for 3D imaging of magnetic data for archaeo-geophysical investigations in the Middle East: The case of Tell Barri (Syria)","volume":"26","author":"Florio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2004025","article-title":"Magnetic, GPR and geoelectrical measurements for studying the archaeological site of \u2018Masseria Nigro\u2019 (Viggiano, southern Italy)","volume":"3","author":"Rizzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"As\u0103ndulesei, A. (2017). Inside a Cucuteni Settlement: Remote Sensing Techniques for Documenting an Unexplored Eneolithic Site from Northeastern Romania. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010041"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.243","article-title":"Magnetic survey at the submerged archaeological site of Baia, Naples, Southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Paoletti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3989\/gladius.2014.0005","article-title":"Los sistemas defensivos del castellum de Tamuda. \u00bftorres de planta en abanico?","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gladius"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Campos Carrasco, J.M., Bermejo Mel\u00e9ndez, J., Fern\u00e1ndez Sutilo, L., Toscano P\u00e9rez, C., Salvador Delgado, A., G\u00f3mez Rodr\u00edguez, A., Verdugo Santos, J., and Ghottes, M. (2011). El castellum de Tamuda. An\u00e1lisis Arqueoarquitect\u00f3nico, Arqueolog\u00eda y turismo en el C\u00edrculo del Estrecho: Estrategias para la Puesta en Valor de los recursos patrimoniales del Norte de Marruecos, Actas del III Seminario Hispano-Marroqu\u00ed (Algeciras, abril de 2011), Colecci\u00f3n de Monograf\u00edas del Museo Arqueol\u00f3gico de Tetu\u00e1n (III), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de C\u00e1diz."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.387","article-title":"Geophysical Prospection of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire in Southern Germany, UNESCO World Heritage Site","volume":"17","author":"Fassbinder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"289","article-title":"New Evidence for a Roman Military Camp at Virunum (Noricum)","volume":"53","author":"Gugl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archaeol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1767","article-title":"Non-destructive research in the surroundings of the Roman Fort Tibiscum (today Romania)","volume":"27","author":"Pisz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.251","article-title":"Fluxgate Gradiometry and Square Array Resistance Survey at Drumlanrig, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Papi, E., and Akerraz, A. (2008). La prospezione magnetica: L\u2019abitato antico. Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed 1, Quasar."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"255","article-title":"Diploma militare da Thamusida (Mauretania Tingitana)","volume":"146","author":"Papi","year":"2004","journal-title":"103\/4. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Papyrologie und Epigraphik"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Papi, E., and e Akerraz, A. (2008). Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed\u2014Thamusida 1, Quasar."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Akerraz, A., Gliozzo, E., and Turbanti Memmi, I. (2009). Sidi Ali ben Ahmed\u2014Thamusida 2. L\u2019archeometria, Quasar."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Akerraz, A., Camporeale, S., and Papi, E. (2014). Sidi Ali ben Ahmed\u2014Thamusida 3. I Material, Quasar."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/28\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:52Z","timestamp":1760179732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13010028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13010028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}