{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:34:14Z","timestamp":1770892454486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0405"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871185 & 41971270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871185 & 41971270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important area that affects global sustainable development. Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization is crucial for maintaining the sustainability on the TP. This study took Xining City, the largest city on the TP, as an example to understand the urban expansion in this region in the past 50 years. We combined the high-resolution spy satellite data and China\u2019s long-term urban land dataset (CULD) to quantify the urban expansion of Xining City. The object-oriented random forest classification was performed to extract urban land from spy satellite data in 1969, and the inter-annual correction was used to combine urban land information from 1969 to 2017. We found that the proposed approach can accurately quantify the urban expansion of Xining City over the past half century with an overall accuracy of 91% and a kappa coefficient of 0.86. Such high accuracy benefits from the fine resolution of spy satellite data and the consistency of CULD. We also found that Xining City experienced accelerated and fragmented urban sprawl to higher altitude areas, as a result of socioeconomic development and topographical limitations. The acceleration of urban expansion was more obvious, and the urban landscape fragmentation was more serious at high altitude areas. Such urban expansion encroached on cropland and grassland, and caused increased risks of landslides and other geological disasters. Therefore, Xining City urgently needs to promote the development of compact cities to control urban sprawl at higher altitude areas and provide a reference for improving urban sustainability across the TP. In this study, we analyzed the urban expansion of Xining city from 1969 to 2017, and provided a reliable way to understand the long-term spatiotemporal urbanization based on remote sensing, which has the potential for wide applications. In addition, the extracted urban information can help to improve the urban sustainability of Xining City and the entire TP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T22:56:45Z","timestamp":1608850605000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Understanding Urban Expansion on the Tibetan Plateau over the Past Half Century Based on Remote Sensing: The Case of Xining City, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6804-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Yihang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4087-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haimeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province Physical Geography and Environmental Process, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Changes of Ecosystem Structure in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Ecological Barrier Area during Recent Ten Years","volume":"52","author":"Mou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci. 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