{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T08:22:57Z","timestamp":1769502177121,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020YFE0202100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0202100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11941001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11941001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41941002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies funded by Chinese National Space Administration","award":["D020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020201"]}]},{"name":"pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies funded by Chinese National Space Administration","award":["D020203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020203"]}]},{"name":"pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies funded by Chinese National Space Administration","award":["D020202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020202"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z191100004319001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100004319001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z181100002918003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100002918003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB 41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB 41000000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) onboard the Yutu-2 rover from China\u2019s Chang\u2019E-4 (CE-4) mission is used to probe the subsurface structure and the near-surface stratigraphic structure of the lunar regolith on the farside of the Moon. Structural analysis of regolith could provide abundant information on the formation and evolution of the Moon, in which the rock location and property analysis are the key procedures during the interpretation of LPR data. The subsurface velocity of electromagnetic waves is a vital parameter for stratigraphic division, rock location estimates, and calculating the rock properties in the interpretation of LPR data. In this paper, we propose a procedure that combines the regolith rock extraction technique based on local correlation between the two sets of LPR high-frequency channel data and the common offset semblance analysis to determine the velocity from LPR diffraction hyperbola. We consider the heterogeneity of the regolith and derive the relative permittivity distribution based on the rock extraction and semblance analysis. The numerical simulation results show that the procedure is able to obtain the high-precision position and properties of the rock. Furthermore, we apply this procedure to CE-4 LPR data and obtain preferable estimations of the rock locations and the properties of the lunar subsurface regolith.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T22:56:45Z","timestamp":1608850605000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rock Location and Property Analysis of Lunar Regolith at Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site Based on Local Correlation and Semblance Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanjie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6314-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yongliao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"The lunar regolith","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Heiken","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lunar Source-Book: A User\u2019s Guide to the Moon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A117","DOI":"10.1029\/JB087iS01p0A117","article-title":"Apollo Lunar Seismic Experiment\u2014Final summary","volume":"87","author":"Nakamura","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2009.11.034","article-title":"A primary analysis of microwave brightness temperature of lunar surface from Chang-E 1 multi-channel radiometer observation and inversion of regolith layer thickness","volume":"207","author":"Fa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063824","article-title":"Spectral properties of titan\u2019s impact craters imply chemical weathering of its surface","volume":"42","author":"Neish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1974.9517","article-title":"The Apollo lunar sounder radar system","volume":"62","author":"Porcello","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9673-8","article-title":"The Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) Onboard the KAGUYA (SELENE) Spacecraft","volume":"154","author":"Ono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259866","article-title":"A young multilayered terrane of the northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang\u2019E-3 mission","volume":"347","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5342","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503082112","article-title":"Volcanic history of the Imbrium basin: A close-up view from the lunar rover Yutu","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay6898","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6898","article-title":"The Moon\u2019s farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhou, B., Lin, Y., Zhu, M., Song, H., Dong, Z., Gao, Y., Di, K., Yang, W., and Lin, H. (2020). Lunar regolith and substructure at Chang\u2019E-4 landing site in South Pole-Aitken basin. Nat. Astron., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1197-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/009","article-title":"Lunar Penetrating Radar onboard the Chang\u2019e-3 mission","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.12.005","article-title":"Dielectric properties estimation of the lunar regolith at CE-3 landing site using lunar penetrating radar data","volume":"284","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.09.010","article-title":"Parameters and structure of lunar regolith in Chang\u2019E-3 landing area from lunar penetrating radar (LPR) data","volume":"282","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2015.10.014","article-title":"Structural analysis of lunar subsurface with Chang\u05f3E-3 lunar penetrating radar","volume":"120","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, B., Wang, D., Zhang, L., and Zeng, Z. (2019). Rock Location and Quantitative Analysis of Regolith at the Chang\u2019e 3 Landing Site Based on Local Similarity Constraint. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050530"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Feng, X., Zhou, H., Liu, C., Zeng, Z., Li, J., and Liang, W. (2020). Properties Analysis of Lunar Regolith at Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site Based on 3D Velocity Spectrum of Lunar Penetrating Radar. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040629"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zeng, Z., Li, J., Huo, Z., Wang, K., Zhang, J., and Huang, L. (2018). Parameter Estimation of Lunar Regolith from Lunar Penetrating Radar Data. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092907"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"29","article-title":"Local seismic attributes","volume":"72","author":"Fomel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V43","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3085643","article-title":"Stacking seismic data using local correlation","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1443265","article-title":"Acquisition and processing of wide-aperture ground-penetrating radar data","volume":"57","author":"Fisher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/010","article-title":"Data processing and initial results of Chang\u2019e-3 lunar penetrating radar","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL087949","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087949","article-title":"New Insight Into Lunar Regolith-Forming Processes by the Lunar Rover Yutu-2","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2013.09.014","article-title":"Lunar ground penetrating radar: Minimizing po-tential data artifacts caused by signal interaction with a rover body","volume":"54","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2020.113896","article-title":"Comparative analysis of reflection characteristics of lunar penetrating radar data using nu-merical simulations","volume":"350","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2009.01.003","article-title":"A new method to simultaneously estimate the radius of a cylindrical object and the wave propagation velocity from GPR data","volume":"35","author":"Ristic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1438126","article-title":"Seismic velocities from surface measurements","volume":"20","author":"Dix","year":"1955","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"859","article-title":"Sembalnce and other coherency measures for multichannel data","volume":"34","author":"Neidell","year":"1971","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"475","article-title":"Physical properties of the lunar surface","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Heiken","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lunar Source-Book: A User\u2019s Guide to the Moon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.11.006","article-title":"Numerical modeling of ground-penetrating radar in 2-D using MATLAB","volume":"32","author":"Irving","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V85","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2016-0047.1","article-title":"A high-resolution weighted AB semblance for dealing with ampli-tude-variation-with-offset phenomenon","volume":"82","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11753","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2933200","article-title":"High-Resolution Anisotropic Prestack Kirchhoff Dynamic Focused Beam Migration","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2020-0582","article-title":"Overview of lunar exploration and International Lunar Research Station","volume":"65","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:45:55Z","timestamp":1760179555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13010048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13010048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]}}}