{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:32:50Z","timestamp":1768275170542,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Major Project of Qinghai province","award":["2019-SF-A12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-SF-A12"]}]},{"name":"the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0405"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41621061 and 41571185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41621061 and 41571185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water availability is one of the most important resources for forest growth. However, due to its complex spatio-temporal relationship with other climatic factors (e.g., temperature and solar radiation), it paradoxically shows both positive and negative correlations (i.e., dual roles) with forest vigor for unknown reasons. In this study, a multiperspective analysis that combined the deficit of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) and multitimescale Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was conducted for the forests in China, from which their correlation strengths and directions (positive or negative) were linked with spatio-temporal patterns of environmental temperature (T) and water balance (WB) (i.e., precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration). In this way, the reasons for the inconsistent roles of water were revealed. The results showed that the roles of water availability greatly depended on T, WB, and seasonality (i.e., growing or pregrowing season) for both planted and natural forests. Specifically, a negative role of water availability mainly occurred in regions of T below its specific threshold (i.e., T \u2264 Tthreshold) during the pregrowing season. In contrast, a positive role was mainly observed in warm environments (T &gt; Tthreshold) during the pregrowing season and in dry environments where WB was below its specific threshold (i.e., WB \u2264 WBthreshold) during the growing season. The values of Tthreshold and WBthreshold were related to the vegetation type, with Tthreshold ranging from 1.3 to 4.7 \u00b0C and WBthreshold ranging from 129.1 to 238.8 mm\/month, respectively. Our study revealed that the values of Tthreshold and WBthreshold for a specific forest were stable, and did not change with the SPEI time-scales. Our results reveal the dual roles of water availability in forest vigor and highlight the importance of environmental climate and seasonality, which jointly affect the roles of water availability in forest vigor. These should be considered when monitoring and\/or predicting the impacts of drought on forests in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1609359221000},"page":"91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dual Roles of Water Availability in Forest Vigor: A Multiperspective Analysis in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-0729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peixin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.263.5144.185","article-title":"Carbon Pools and flux of Global Forest Ecosystems","volume":"263","author":"Dixon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914","article-title":"The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world\u2019s forests","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1890\/10-0697.1","article-title":"A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the united states","volume":"21","author":"McKinley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1633","article-title":"Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M.J., Engelbrecht, B.M.J., Joswig, J., Pereyra, G., Schuldt, B., Jansen, S., Kattge, J., Landh\u00e4usser, S.M., Levick, S.R., and Preisler, Y. (2017). A synthesis of tree functional traits related to drought-induced mortality in forests across climatic zones. J. Appl. Ecol., 54.","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12874"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2017.02.008","article-title":"Response of vegetation to different time-scales drought across China: Spatiotemporal patterns, causes and implications","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.090","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations in climate, primary productivity and efficiency of water and carbon use of the land cover types in Sudan and Ethiopia","volume":"624","author":"Khalifa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2017.12.016","article-title":"Responses of vegetation productivity to multi-scale drought in Loess Plateau, China","volume":"163","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2709","article-title":"Responses of vegetation activity to drought in northern China","volume":"28","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5380","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14367","article-title":"Dynamic responses of tree-ring growth to multiple dimensions of drought","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Zhou, T., Wu, H., Zhao, X., Wang, Q., Gao, S., and Li, Z. (2016). Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080635"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Zhou, T., Yi, C., Xu, P., Zhao, X., Gao, S., and Liu, X. (2018). Stock Volume Dependency of Forest Drought Responses in Yunnan, China. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9040209"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index","volume":"23","author":"Begueria","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"217","article-title":"Diverse responses of different structured forest to drought in Southwest China through remotely sensed data","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707615","article-title":"Assessments of Drought Impacts on Vegetation in China with the Optimal Time Scales of the Climatic Drought Index","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00104-1","article-title":"On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index","volume":"62","author":"Carlson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","article-title":"Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes","volume":"110","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12268","article-title":"Drought response of five conifer species under contrasting water availability suggests high vulnerability of Norway spruce and European larch","volume":"19","author":"Saurer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.06.027","article-title":"Diverse responses of vegetation growth to meteorological drought across climate zones and land biomes in northern China from 1981 to 2014","volume":"262","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/2\/024011","article-title":"Tipping point of a conifer forest ecosystem under severe drought","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.182","article-title":"Trend shifts in satellite-derived vegetation growth in Central Eurasia, 1982\u20132013","volume":"579","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/11\/114021","article-title":"Disturbance-induced reduction of biomass carbon sinks of China\u2019s forests in recent years","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01591","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1591","article-title":"Drought events and their effects on vegetation productivity in China","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"State Forestry Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2014, October 08). The Main Results at Eighth National Forest Resources Inventory (2009\u20132013), Available online: http:\/\/www.forestry.gov.cn\/main\/65\/content-659670.html."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1040132","article-title":"An improved NDVI-based threshold method for estimating land surface emissivity using MODIS satellite data","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2015.1065705","article-title":"Biparabolic NDVI-Ts Space and Soil Moisture Remote Sensing in an Arid and Semi arid Area","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Liu, H., Li, X., Ciais, P., Babst, F., Guo, W., Zhang, C., Magliulo, V., Pavelka, M., and Liu, S. (2017). Differentiating drought legacy effects on vegetation growth over the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Glob. Chang. Biol.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13920"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954345","article-title":"NDVI-derived land cover classifications at a global scale","volume":"15","author":"Defries","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Palmer, W. (1965). Meteorological Drought."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., and Kleist, J. (1993, January 17\u201322). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, American Meteorological Society, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3711","article-title":"Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-The cru ts3.10 dataset","volume":"34","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Allen, R., Pereira, L., Raes, D., Smith, M., Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., and Martin, S. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Diverse responses of forest growth to drought time-scales in the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"23","author":"Camarero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14627","article-title":"Satellite detection of cumulative and lagged effects of drought on autumn leaf senescence over the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ho, R. (2015). Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis with IBM SPSS, Chapman and Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13855","article-title":"Contributions of insects and droughts to growth decline of trembling aspen mixed boreal forest of western Canada","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.051","article-title":"Observed and anticipated impacts of drought on forest insects and diseases in the United States","volume":"380","author":"Kolb","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3303","article-title":"Forest disturbances under climate change","volume":"7","author":"Seidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00523-4","article-title":"Drought disturbance from climate change: Response of United States forests","volume":"262","author":"Hanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.08.009","article-title":"Forest performance during two consecutive drought periods: Diverging long-term trends and short-term responses along a climatic gradient","volume":"310","author":"Dorman","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Zhou, T., Yi, C., Luo, H., Zhao, X., Fang, W., Gao, S., and Liu, X. (2018). Impacts of Water Stress on Forest Recovery and Its Interaction with Canopy Height. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061257"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500486732","article-title":"The potential and challenge of remote sensing-based biomass estimation","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-017-0511-7","article-title":"Multi-polarized Radarsat-2 satellite sensor in assessing forest vigor from above ground biomass","volume":"29","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-016-0692-z","article-title":"Developing synergy regression models with space-borne ALOS PALSAR and Landsat TM sensors for retrieving tropical forest biomass","volume":"125","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Ence"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Zhang, Y.Y., Su, Y., Zheng, Y., and Guo, Q. (2020). Mapping the Global Mangrove Forest Aboveground Biomass Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101690"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"G00E06","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation 3-D structure for biodiversity and habitat: Review and implications for lidar and radar spaceborne missions","volume":"114","author":"Bergen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1779","article-title":"A review of radar remote sensing for biomass estimation","volume":"12","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Ence Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070565","article-title":"Mapping Global Forest Aboveground Biomass with Spaceborne LiDAR, Optical Imagery, and Forest Inventory Data","volume":"8","author":"Tianyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.12.002","article-title":"Spatial distribution of forestaboveground biomass in China: Estimation through combination of spacebornelidar, optical imagery, and forest inventory data","volume":"173","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15402","article-title":"Declining global warming effects on the phenology of spring leaf unfolding","volume":"526","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"170","article-title":"Chilling outweighs photoperiod in preventing precocious spring development","volume":"20","author":"Julia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186473","article-title":"Phenology under global warming","volume":"327","author":"Basler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5951","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023463","article-title":"A quantitative assessment of the relationship between precipitation deficits and air temperature variations","volume":"120","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-010-1881-0","article-title":"Relationships among precipitation regime, nutrient availability, and carbon turnover in tropical rain forests","volume":"165","author":"Posada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12994","article-title":"Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada\u2019s boreal forests","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/91\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:47Z","timestamp":1760179667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/91"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13010091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13010091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]}}}