{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:56:11Z","timestamp":1775598971899,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41977405, 31561143003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41977405, 31561143003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFA0607401, 2017YFA0604703, and 2017YFD0300301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0607401, 2017YFA0604703, and 2017YFD0300301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) flowering dates are important for planting area estimation, growth monitoring, and yield estimation. However, there is currently a lack of data on rapeseed flowering dates at the parcel scale. In this study, a new spectral index (Normalized Rapeseed Flowering Index, NRFI) is proposed to detect rapeseed flowering dates from time series data generated from Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 sensors. This study also analyzed the feasibility of using the backscattering coefficients (VV, VH, and VV\/VH) of Sentinel-1 to detect the flowering dates of rapeseed at the parcel scale. Based on the spectral and polarization characteristics of 718 rapeseed parcels collected in 2018, we developed a method to automatically identify peak flowering dates by the local maximum of NRFI series and the local minimum of VH and VV, along with the maximum of VV\/VH. The results show that most of the peak flowering dates derived from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 can be confirmed by the in-situ phenological observations at the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) stations in Germany. The NRFI outperforms the Normalized Difference Yellow Index (NDYI) in identifying the peak flowering dates from Landsat 8. The derived medians of peak flowering dates by NRFI, NDYI (Sentinel-2), and VH are similar, while a systematic delay is observed by NDYI (Landsat 8). The method with the spectrum and backscattering coefficients will be a potential tool to identify crop flowering dynamics and map crop planting area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1609359221000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Developing a New Method to Identify Flowering Dynamics of Rapeseed Using Landsat 8 and Sentinel-1\/2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jichong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology\/MoE Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Hazards, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology\/MoE Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Hazards, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology\/MoE Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Hazards, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The influence of blending process on the quality of rapeseed oil-used cooking oil biodiesels","volume":"3","author":"Gardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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