{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:11:29Z","timestamp":1784873489364,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aims to quantify the potential of hyperspectral thermal infrared sounders such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the future IASI next generation (IASI-NG) for retrieving the ice cloud layer altitude and thickness together with the ice water path. We employed the radiative transfer model Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) to simulate cloudy radiances using parameterized ice cloud optical properties. The radiances have been computed from an ice cloud profile database coming from global operational short-range forecasts at the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) which encloses the normal conditions, typical variability, and extremes of the atmospheric properties over one year (Eresmaa and McNally (2014)). We performed an information content analysis based on Shannon\u2019s formalism to determine the amount and spectral distribution of the information about ice cloud properties. Based on this analysis, a retrieval algorithm has been developed and tested on the profile database. We considered the signal-to-noise ratio of each specific instrument and the non-retrieved atmospheric and surface parameter errors. This study brings evidence that the observing system provides information on the ice water path (IWP) as well as on the layer altitude and thickness with a convergence rate up to 95% and expected errors that decrease with cloud opacity until the signal saturation is reached (satisfying retrievals are achieved for clouds whose IWP is between about 1 and 300 g\/m2).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:31:49Z","timestamp":1609425109000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Potential of Hyperspectral Thermal Infrared Spaceborne Measurements to Retrieve Ice Cloud Physical Properties: Case Study of IASI and IASI-NG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"Leonarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 8518\u2014LOA\u2014Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"C.-Labonnote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 8518\u2014LOA\u2014Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Compi\u00e8gne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hygeos, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Vidot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRM, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, CNRS, F-22300 Lannion, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK"},{"name":"School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Dubuisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 8518\u2014LOA\u2014Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauelsand, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M.E. (2013). IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(99)00026-5","article-title":"Effect of crystal size spectrum and crystal shape on stratiform cirrus radiative forcing","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delano\u00eb, J., and Hogan, R.J. (2008). A variational scheme for retrieving ice cloud properties from combined radar, lidar, and infrared radiometer. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, M., Mace, G.G., Wang, Z., and Okamoto, H. (2010). Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment validation for cirrus cloud profiling retrieval using CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013104"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-054.1","article-title":"Evaluation of several A-Train ice cloud retrieval products with in situ measurements collected during the SPARTICUS campaign","volume":"52","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14327","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-14327-2018","article-title":"Ice crystal number concentration estimates from lidar\u2013radar satellite remote sensing\u2013Part 1: Method and evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Sourdeval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00666.1","article-title":"The characteristics of ice cloud properties derived from CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0799.1","article-title":"Assessing the radiative effects of global ice clouds based on CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2610522","article-title":"The MODIS cloud optical and microphysical products: Collection 6 updates and examples from Terra and Aqua","volume":"55","author":"Platnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1583.1","article-title":"High cloud properties from three years of MODIS Terra and Aqua collection-4 data over the tropics","volume":"46","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.898276","article-title":"Differences between collection 4 and 5 MODIS ice cloud optical\/microphysical products and their impact on radiative forcing simulations","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2405","article-title":"A methodology for simultaneous retrieval of ice and liquid water cloud properties. Part I: Information content and case study","volume":"141","author":"Sourdeval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2889","article-title":"A methodology for simultaneous retrieval of ice and liquid water cloud properties. Part 2: Near-global retrievals and evaluation against A-Train products","volume":"142","author":"Sourdeval","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"16","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of the space component of the Global Observing System through Observing System Experiments","volume":"113","author":"Kelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"ECMWF Newsl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.410","article-title":"The assimilation of infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer radiances at ECMWF","volume":"135","author":"Collard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.928","article-title":"Impact of IASI assimilation at global and convective scales and challenges for the assimilation of cloudy scenes","volume":"137","author":"Guidard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-5765(97)00098-2","article-title":"Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer","volume":"40","author":"Singer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.01.206","article-title":"A note on the occurrence of cloud in meteorologically sensitive areas and the implications for advanced infrared sounders","volume":"128","author":"McNally","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.243","article-title":"The assimilation of cloud-affected infrared satellite radiances for numerical weather prediction","volume":"134","author":"Pavelin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.426","article-title":"The direct assimilation of cloud-affected satellite infrared radiances in the ECMWF 4D-Var","volume":"135","author":"McNally","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2046","article-title":"Towards the use of microphysical variables for the assimilation of cloud-affected infrared radiances","volume":"139","author":"Martinet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, D.K., Smith, W.L., Liu, X., Larar, A.M., Huang, H.L.A., Li, J., McGill, M.J., and Mango, S.A. (2005). Thermodynamic and cloud parameter retrieval using infrared spectral data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL023211"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3877.1","article-title":"Physically retrieving cloud and thermodynamic parameters from ultraspectral IR measurements","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9121","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-9121-2009","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric profiles and cloud properties from IASI spectra using super-channels","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.917","article-title":"Comparison of cloud products within IASI footprints for the assimilation of cloudy radiances","volume":"137","author":"Lavanant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/asl2.510","article-title":"Toward the improvement of short-range forecasts by the analysis of cloud variables from IASI radiances","volume":"15","author":"Martinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2239","article-title":"Evaluation of a revised IASI channel selection for cloudy retrievals with a focus on the Mediterranean basin","volume":"140","author":"Martinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31793","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900828","article-title":"Retrieval of cirrus ice crystal sizes from 8.3 and 11.1 m emissivities determined by the improved initialization inversion of TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder observations","volume":"104","author":"Stubenrauch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4del, G., Stubenrauch, C.J., Holz, R., and Mitchell, D.L. (2003). Retrieval of effective ice crystal size in the infrared: Sensitivity study and global measurements from TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002801"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn, B.H., Eldering, A., Clough, S.A., Fetzer, E.J., Fishbein, E., Gunson, M.R., Lee, S.Y., Lester, P.F., and Realmuto, V.J. (2003). Near micron-sized cirrus cloud particles in high-resolution infrared spectra: An orographic case study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL016909"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2012.02.028","article-title":"IASI on Metop-A: Operational Level 2 retrievals after five years in orbit","volume":"113","author":"August","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002155","article-title":"Use of high-resolution measurements for the retrieval of temperature and gas-concentration profiles from outgoing infrared spectra in the presence of cirrus clouds","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.822752","article-title":"Inference of ice cloud properties from high spectral resolution infrared observations","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.833780","article-title":"Retrieval of semitransparent ice cloud optical thickness from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements","volume":"42","author":"Wei","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-020.1","article-title":"Retrieval of ice cloud properties from AIRS and MODIS observations based on a fast high-spectral-resolution radiative transfer model","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2702006","article-title":"The application of PCRTM physical retrieval methodology for IASI cloudy scene analysis","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-4367-2014","article-title":"Towards IASI-New Generation (IASI-NG): Impact of improved spectral resolution and radiometric noise on the retrieval of thermodynamic, chemistry and climate variables","volume":"7","author":"Crevoisier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00027.1","article-title":"Hyperspectral Earth observation from IASI: Five years of accomplishments","volume":"93","author":"Hilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712454510","article-title":"The information content of clear sky IASI radiances and their potential for numerical weather prediction","volume":"124","author":"Prunet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-6041-2009","article-title":"Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI\/MetOp sounder","volume":"9","author":"Clerbaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.91","article-title":"The dependence of cirrus infrared radiative properties on ice crystal geometry and shape of the size-distribution function","volume":"131","author":"Baran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.894549","article-title":"The sensitivity of ice cloud optical and microphysical passive satellite retrievals to cloud geometrical thickness","volume":"45","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1805.1","article-title":"Sensitivity of thermal infrared radiation at the top of the atmosphere and the surface to ice cloud microphysics","volume":"47","author":"Dubuisson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1972)029<1358:POCGC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Properties of cirrus generating cells","volume":"29","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2009.02.026","article-title":"A review of the light scattering properties of cirrus","volume":"110","author":"Baran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1984)041<0846:APOTPS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content","volume":"41","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2308.1","article-title":"Bulk scattering properties for the remote sensing of ice clouds. Part I: Microphysical data and models","volume":"44","author":"Baum","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2473.1","article-title":"Bulk scattering properties for the remote sensing of ice clouds. Part III: High-resolution spectral models from 100 to 3250 cm-1","volume":"46","author":"Baum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAS2344.1","article-title":"Snow size distribution parameterization for midlatitude and tropical ice clouds","volume":"64","author":"Field","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2193","article-title":"A self-consistent scattering model for cirrus. II: The high and low frequencies","volume":"140","author":"Baran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6937","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023462","article-title":"A new ice cloud parameterization for infrared radiative transfer simulation of cloudy radiances: Evaluation and optimization with IIR observations and ice cloud profile retrieval products","volume":"120","author":"Vidot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.731","article-title":"Using in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient, and the total solar optical depth obtained during the tropical ACTIVE campaign to test an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals","volume":"137","author":"Baran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2457","article-title":"The sensitivity of simulated high clouds to ice crystal fall speed, shape and size distribution","volume":"141","author":"Furtado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.164","article-title":"A self-consistent scattering model for cirrus. I: The solar region","volume":"133","author":"Baran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6899","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-6899-2009","article-title":"An assessment of the accuracy of the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model using IASI data","volume":"9","author":"Matricardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-2717-2018","article-title":"An update on the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model (currently at version 12)","volume":"11","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442-12.1.159","article-title":"Parameterization for cloud longwave scattering for use in atmospheric models","volume":"12","author":"Chou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Vidot, J., C.-Labonnote, L., Baran, A., Matricardi, M., and Brunel, P. (2021). Evaluation of the RTTOV scattering parameterization with LIDORT for hyperspectral IR cloudy brightness temperature and jacobians. Remote Sens., in preparation."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers, C.D. (2000). Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812813718"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1990)029<0658:OCADFH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On cloud altitude determinations from high resolution interferometer sounder (HIS) observations","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2327.1","article-title":"Objective assessment of the information content of visible and infrared radiance measurements for cloud microphysical property retrievals over the global oceans. Part II: Ice clouds","volume":"45","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0328.1","article-title":"Retrieval of cloud properties using CALIPSO Imaging Infrared Radiometer. Part II: Effective diameter and ice water path","volume":"52","author":"Garnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Eresmaa, R., and McNally, A.P. (2014). Diverse Profile Datasets from the ECMWF 137-Level Short-Range Forecasts, EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility (NWP SAF). Document No. NWPSAF-EC-TR-017, Version 1.0."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(97)00915-0","article-title":"Information Content and Optimisation of High Spectral Resolution Remote Measurements","volume":"21","author":"Rodgers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1793:TERIIC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effective radius in ice clouds","volume":"11","author":"Wyser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<2979:TSORFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The sensitivity of radiative fluxes to parameterized cloud microphysics","volume":"16","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serio, C., Masiello, G., Mastro, P., and Tobin, D.C. (2020). Characterization of the Observational Covariance Matrix of Hyper-Spectral Infrared Satellite Sensors Directly from Measured Earth Views. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051492"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2326.1","article-title":"Objective assessment of the information content of visible and infrared radiance measurements for cloud microphysical property retrievals over the global oceans. Part I: Liquid clouds","volume":"45","author":"Gabriel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/12.466539","article-title":"CALIPSO mission: Spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds","volume":"Volume 4893","author":"Winker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring III"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-12-1771","article-title":"The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation","volume":"83","author":"Stephens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<1074:AMFDCC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A method for determining cirrus cloud particle sizes using lidar and radar backscatter technique","volume":"32","author":"Intrieri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041<0218:CCMPRU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cirrus cloud microphysical property retrieval using lidar and radar measurements. Part I: Algorithm description and comparison with in situ data","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2229.1","article-title":"The retrieval of ice-cloud properties from cloud radar and lidar synergy","volume":"44","author":"Tinel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delano\u00eb, J., and Hogan, R.J. (2010). Combined CloudSat-CALIPSO-MODIS retrievals of the properties of ice clouds. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012346"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:35Z","timestamp":1760179715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13010116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13010116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}