{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T12:39:38Z","timestamp":1769690378972,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In mountainous landscapes, where strongly deformed pelitic sediments outcrop, earthflows can dominate denudation processes and landscape evolution. This paper investigated geological and geomorphological features and space-time evolution over a 65-year time span (1954\u20132019) of a large earthflow, representative of wide sectors of the Apennine chain of southern Italy. The landslide, with a maximum length of 1.85 \u00d7 103 m, affects an area of 4.21 \u00d7 105 m2 and exhibits two source zones: a narrow and elongated transport zone and a lobate accumulation zone. Spatial and temporal morphological changes of the earthflow were assessed, comparing multi-source and multi-temporal data (aerial photographs, Google Earth satellite images, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) system data). Geomorphic changes, quantified using Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of differences, highlighted an extensive lowering of the topographic surface in the source area and a significant uplift at the landslide toe. Moreover, the multi-temporal analysis showed a high increase of landslide surface (more than 66%) during the last 65 years. The volumetric analyses showed that different sectors of the earthflow were active at different times, with different rates of topographic change. Overall, the used approach highlighted the great potentiality of the integration of multi-source and multi-temporal data for the diachronic reconstruction of morphological landslide evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:31:49Z","timestamp":1609425109000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Morphological Changes Detection of a Large Earthflow Using Archived Images, LiDAR-Derived DTM, and UAV-Based Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8804-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Conforti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Via Cavour 4\/6, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5217-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geologist, Via Trieste 65, 87040 Montalto Uffugo (CS), Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Via Cavour 4\/6, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baum, R.L. (1978). Earth flows. Sedimentology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-31079-7_74"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Earth Flows: Morphology, Mobilization and Movement","volume":"1256","author":"Keefer","year":"1983","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"95","article-title":"The Slumgullion earth flow; a large-scale natural laboratory","volume":"2130","author":"Varnes","year":"1996","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.006","article-title":"Earthflow sediment production and Holocene sediment record in a large Apennine catchment","volume":"188","author":"Simoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.017","article-title":"Risk assessment strategies for the reactivation of earth flows in the Northern Apennines (Italy)","volume":"102","author":"Bertolini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culshaw, M., Osipov, V., Booth, S., and Victorov, A. (2015). Infrastructure in Geohazard Contexts: The Importance of Automatic and Near-Real-Time Monitoring. Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9538-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01415-5","article-title":"Assessment of post-failure evolution of a large earthflow through field monitoring and numerical modelling","volume":"17","author":"Lollino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.035","article-title":"Morphological and kinematic evolution of a large earthflow: The Montaguto landslide, southern Italy","volume":"187","author":"Giordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2014.924038","article-title":"Mass movements inventory map of the Rubbio stream catchment (Basilicata\u2014South Italy)","volume":"11","author":"Conforti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0436-y","article-title":"The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update","volume":"11","author":"Hungr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Schuster, R.L., and Krizek, R.J. (1978). Slope Movement Types and Processes. Special Report 176: Landslides: Analysis and Control, National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1139\/t85-045","article-title":"Earthflows in the Interior Plateau, southwest British Columbia","volume":"22","author":"Bovis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"36","article-title":"Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation. Chapter 3\u2014Landslide Types and Processes","volume":"247","author":"Cruden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Board Spec. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1985.35.1.3","article-title":"Residual strength of clays in landslides, folded strata and the laboratory","volume":"35","author":"Skempton","year":"1985","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bromhead, E., Dixon, N., and Ibsen, M.-L. (2000). Ground Water Isolation by Low-Permeability Clays in Landslide Shear Zones. Landslides in Research, Theory and Practice, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Landslides, Cardiff, UK, 26\u201330 June 2000, Thomas Telford."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1703-2009","article-title":"Flow-type failures in fine-grained soils: An important aspect in landslide hazard analysis","volume":"9","author":"Malet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1130\/B30306.1","article-title":"Sediment yield, spatial characteristics, and the long-term evolution of active earthflows determined from airborne LiDAR and historical aerial photographs, Eel River, California","volume":"123","author":"Mackey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2013.765812","article-title":"Multi-temporal Maps of the Montaguto Earth Flow in Southern Italy from 1954 to 2010","volume":"9","author":"Guerriero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casson, B., Delacourt, C., Baratoux, D., and Allemand, P. (2003). Seventeen years of the \u201cLa Clapi\u00e8re\u201d landslide evolution analysed from ortho-rectified aerial photographs. Eng. Geol.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00201-6"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Soldato, M., Riquelme, A., Bianchini, S., Tom\u00e0s, R., Di Martire, D., De Vita, P., Moretti, S., and Calcaterra, D. (2018). Multisource data integration to investigate one century of evolution for the Agnone landslide (Molise, southern Italy). Landslides.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1015-z"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15619","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020193","article-title":"Velocity field of the \u201cLa Clapi\u00e8re\u201d landslide measured by the correlation of aerial and QuickBird satellite images","volume":"31","author":"Delacourt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem","volume":"112","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth-Science Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-011","article-title":"Historical aerial photographs for landslide assessment: Two case histories","volume":"40","author":"Walstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.09.033","article-title":"Landslide dynamics from high-resolution aerial photographs: A case study from the Western Carpathians, Slovakia","volume":"115","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2324","article-title":"Multi-temporal Digital Photogrammetric Analysis for Quantitative Assessment of Soil Erosion Rates in the Landola Catchment of the Upper Orcia Valley (Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"27","author":"Aucelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"L. Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, T., P\u00e9rez, J., Colomo, C., Cardenal, J., Delgado, J., Palenzuela, J., Irigaray, C., and Chac\u00f3n, J. (2017). Assessment of the Evolution of a Landslide Using Digital Photogrammetry and LiDAR Techniques in the Alpujarras Region (Granada, Southeastern Spain). Geosciences, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7020032"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00200-4","article-title":"Global Positioning Systems and digital photogrammetry for the monitoring of mass movements: Application to the Ca\u2019 di Malta landslide (northern Apennines, Italy)","volume":"68","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.04.027","article-title":"Kinematics of a landslide derived from archival photogrammetry and GPS data","volume":"102","author":"Baldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-433-2009","article-title":"Estimating mass-wasting processes in active earth slides\u2014Earth flows with time-series of High-Resolution DEMs from photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR","volume":"9","author":"Corsini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0413-5","article-title":"Development of a methodological approach for the accurate measurement of slope changes due to landslides, using digital photogrammetry","volume":"11","author":"Doughty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallet, C., and David, N. (2016). Digital Terrain Models Derived from Airborne LiDAR Data. Optical Remote Sensing of Land Surface, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78548-102-4.50007-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-015-0676-0","article-title":"Geometric and kinematic characterization of landslides affecting urban areas: The Lungro case study (Calabria, Southern Italy)","volume":"14","author":"Peduto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-018-1311-9","article-title":"An integrated approach to investigate slope instability affecting infrastructures","volume":"78","author":"Conforti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peduto, D., Santoro, M., Aceto, L., Borrelli, L., and Gull\u00e0, G. (2020). Full integration of geomorphological, geotechnical, A-DInSAR and damage data for detailed geometric-kinematic features of a slow-moving landslide in urban area. Landslides.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01541-0"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.03.008","article-title":"High-resolution topography for understanding Earth surface processes: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"216","author":"Tarolli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201736","article-title":"Time Series Analysis of Landslide Dynamics Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)","volume":"7","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrelli, L., Conforti, M., and Mercuri, M. (2019). Lidar and UAV system data to analyse recent morphological changes of a small drainage basin. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8120536"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellicani, R., Argentiero, I., Manzari, P., Spilotro, G., Marzo, C., Ermini, R., and Apollonio, C. (2019). UAV and Airborne LiDAR Data for Interpreting Kinematic Evolution of Landslide Movements: The Case Study of the Montescaglioso Landslide (Southern Italy). Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9060248"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godone, D., Allasia, P., Borrelli, L., and Gull\u00e0, G. (2020). UAV and Structure from Motion Approach to Monitor the Maierato Landslide Evolution. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12061039"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-0978-0","article-title":"Multitemporal UAV surveys for landslide mapping and characterization","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-015-0165-0","article-title":"UAV monitoring and documentation of a large landslide","volume":"8","author":"Lindner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geomatics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0398-8","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of the mean annual precipitation at decadal time scale in southern Italy (Calabria region)","volume":"105","author":"Buttafuoco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"107","article-title":"Nota illustrativa alla \u201cCarta delle frane e della mobilizzazione diastrofica, dal 1973 ad oggi, nel bacino del Torrente Straface (Alto Jonio, Calabria)\u201d","volume":"31","author":"Iovine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geol. Appl. Idrogeol"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"17","article-title":"Il \u201cComplesso Liguride\u201d Auct.: Stato delle conoscenze e problemi aperti sulla sua evoluzione appenninica ed i suoi rapporti con l\u2019Arco calabro","volume":"41","author":"Bonardi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2019, February 07). ISPRA Carta Geologica d\u2019Italia alla scala 1:50.000, Foglio 535 \u2018Trebisacce\u2019, Available online: http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/Media\/carg\/535_TREBISACCE\/Foglio.html."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1029\/92TC02251","article-title":"Pleistocene strike-slip tectonics in the Lucanian Apennine (southern Italy)","volume":"12","author":"Catalano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2008.11.010","article-title":"Active transpression in the northern Calabria Apennines, southern Italy","volume":"476","author":"Ferranti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02591433","article-title":"Landslide morphometry and typology in two zones, Calabria, Italy","volume":"16","author":"Carrara","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"257","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility assessment in the Ferro Torrent (Calabria, south Italy) using GIS-based conditional analysis method","volume":"24","author":"Rago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rend. Online della Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2013.852142","article-title":"Landslide inventory map of north-eastern Calabria (South Italy)","volume":"10","author":"Conforti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.07.001","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of georectified aerial photographs: Implications for measuring lateral channel movement in a GIS","volume":"74","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.05.007","article-title":"Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small Alpine catchments","volume":"188","author":"Cavalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(03)00164-8","article-title":"Objective landslide detection and surface morphology mapping using high-resolution airborne laser altimetry","volume":"57","author":"McKean","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2018.1478893","article-title":"Rapid mapping application of vegetated terraces based on high resolution airborne LiDAR","volume":"9","author":"Godone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomatics, Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133306pp492ra","article-title":"Causes and consequences of error in digital elevation models","volume":"30","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.483","article-title":"Estimation of erosion and deposition volumes in a large, gravel-bed, braided river using synoptic remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Lane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2005.00302.x","article-title":"Metric capabilities of low-cost digital cameras for close range surface measurement","volume":"20","author":"Chandler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Schuster, R.L., and Krizek, R.J. (1978). Recognition and identification. Landslide Analysis and Control.: Transportation Research Board Special Re-port, 176, National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Turner, A.K., and Schuster, R.L. (1996). Surface Observation and Geologic Mapping. Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.02.006","article-title":"A study on DEM-derived primary topographic attributes for hydrologic applications: Sensitivity to elevation data resolution","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1968)79[1063:POMATB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Principles of m\u00e9langes and their bearing on the franciscan-knoxville paradox","volume":"79","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Esu, F. (1977). Behaviour of Slopes in Structurally Complex Formations, AGI. General Report, Int. Symp. on the Geotechnics of Structurally Complex Formations."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"229","article-title":"Distribuzione facies e stratigrafia della Formazione del Saraceno (Albiano-Daniano) nell\u2019area compresa fra il Mare Jonio e il Torrente Frido","volume":"7","author":"Vezzani","year":"1968","journal-title":"Geol. Rom."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"453","article-title":"Schema introduttivo alla geologia del confine calabro-lucano","volume":"8","author":"Ogniben","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1985)96<451:SSIMAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Structural styles in Mesozoic and Cenozoic m\u00e9langes in the western Cordillera of North America","volume":"96","author":"Cowan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, D.S., and Pini, G.A. (2001). Disrupted and chaotic rock units. Anatomy of an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9829-3_12"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-165-2012","article-title":"A proposal for a methodological approach to characterization of Widespread Landslide Events: An application to Southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Caloiero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"13","article-title":"Development of Pietra Maura landslide and interactions with the Marsico Nuovo dam (Basilicata, Italy)","volume":"35","author":"Bentivenga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geogr. Fis. Din. Quat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-005-0033-9","article-title":"Large reactivated landslides in weak rock masses: A case study from the Northern Apennines (Italy)","volume":"3","author":"Borgatti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.02.006","article-title":"Tracking landslide displacements by multi-temporal DTMs: A combined aerial stereophotogrammetric and LIDAR approach in western Belgium","volume":"99","author":"Dewitte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021514","article-title":"Modeling Accumulated Volume of Landslides Using Remote Sensing and DTM Data","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, Y.-C., Chan, Y.-C., and Hu, J.-C. (2016). Digital Elevation Model Differencing and Error Estimation from Multiple Sources: A Case Study from the Meiyuan Shan Landslide in Taiwan. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030199"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1966.16.4.305","article-title":"The Geometry of Discontinuities and Slope Failures in Siwalik Clay","volume":"16","author":"Fookes","year":"1966","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzzetti, F., Cardinali, M., and Reichenbach, P. (1996). The influence of structural setting and lithology on landslide type and pattern. Environ. Eng. Geosci.","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.II.4.531"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2003.06.005","article-title":"Quaternary mass movements controlled by a structurally complex setting in the central Apennines (Italy)","volume":"72","author":"Martino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-010-0288-9","article-title":"Structurally controlled earth flows of the Benevento province (Southern Italy)","volume":"69","author":"Revellino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2013.804797","article-title":"Denudation processes and landforms map of the Camastra River catchment (Basilicata\u2014South Italy)","volume":"9","author":"Conforti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-014-0516-7","article-title":"Slope instability processes in intensely fissured clays: Case histories in the Southern Apennines","volume":"12","author":"Cotecchia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2015-081","article-title":"Structural and lithostratigraphic controls of earth-flow evolution, Montaguto earth flow, Southern Italy","volume":"173","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc. London."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0871-2","article-title":"Landslides types controlled by tectonics-induced evolution of valley slopes (Northern Apennines, Italy)","volume":"15","author":"Carlini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"523","article-title":"Caratterizzazione geomorfologica e morfometrica di alcune colate nell\u2019Alto Jonio Calabrese","volume":"28","author":"Iovine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geol. Appl. Idrogeol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1578-5","article-title":"Reconstruction of long-term earth-flow activity using a hydro-climatological model","volume":"77","author":"Guerriero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Ferrari, E., Iovine, G., and Petrucci, O. (1999, January 14\u201316). Evaluating landslide hazard through geomorphologic, hydrologic and historical analyses in north-eastern Calabria (southern Italy). Proceedings of the EGS Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms, Maratea, Italy."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"821","article-title":"Effetti sui versanti e nel fondovalle indotti da un evento pluviale eccezionale nel bacino di una fiumara calabra (T. Pagliara)","volume":"117","author":"Iovine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-555X(91)90009-Y","article-title":"Surface movement in an earthflow complex, Raukumara Peninsula, New Zealand","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00199-0","article-title":"Seasonal movement of the Slumgullion landslide determined from Global Positioning System surveys and field instrumentation, July 1998\u2013March 2002","volume":"68","author":"Coe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(03)00057-6","article-title":"Analyzing the evolution of the Tessina landslide using aerial photographs and digital elevation models","volume":"54","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-5-259-2005","article-title":"Morphometry and kinematics of landslides inferred from precise DTMs in West Belgium","volume":"5","author":"Dewitte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895209","article-title":"Detection and Volume Estimation of Large-Scale Landslides Based on Elevation-Change Analysis Using DEMs Extracted From High-Resolution Satellite Stereo Imagery","volume":"45","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:41Z","timestamp":1760179721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/1\/120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13010120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13010120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}