{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:08:28Z","timestamp":1782306508974,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hunan Innovative Talent Program","award":["2019RS1062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RS1062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gross primary production (GPP) determines the amounts of carbon and energy that enter terrestrial ecosystems. However, the tremendous uncertainty of the GPP still hinders the reliability of GPP estimates and therefore understanding of the global carbon cycle. In this study, using observations from global eddy covariance (EC) flux towers, we appraised the performance of 24 widely used GPP models and the quality of major spatial data layers that drive the models. Results show that global GPP products generated by the 24 models varied greatly in means (from 92.7 to 178.9 Pg C yr\u22121) and trends (from \u22120.25 to 0.84 Pg C yr\u22121). Model structure differences (i.e., light use efficiency models, machine learning models, and process-based biophysical models) are an important aspect contributing to the large uncertainty. In addition, various biases in currently available spatial datasets have found (e.g., only 57% of the observed variation in photosynthetically active radiation at the flux tower locations was explained by the spatial dataset), which not only affect GPP simulation but more importantly hinder the simulation and understanding of the earth system. Moving forward, research into the efficacy of model structures and precision of input data may be more important for global GPP estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T20:45:42Z","timestamp":1609965942000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Tighten the Bolts and Nuts on GPP Estimations from Sites to the Globe: An Assessment of Remote Sensing Based LUE Models and Supporting Data Fields"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, 107 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0493-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Valbuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Thoday Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mykola","family":"Kutia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Thoday Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK"},{"name":"Bangor College China, Bangor University, 498 Shaoshan Rd., Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510245, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meifang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4279-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuailong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry &amp; Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22030","article-title":"Large historical growth in global terrestrial gross primary production","volume":"544","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JG001960","article-title":"A model-Data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis","volume":"117","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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